“…Some models (e.g., Jaffry & Capon, 2005;Reeves & Reid, 1999;Sing, Love, & Tam, 2014;Williford & Chang, 1999) were just tested based on feedback from professionals and qualitative data collected from senior managers. However, some models have been precisely tested based on actual patterns (e.g., Choudhury, Sarkar, & Mukherjee, 2002b;Dawson, Barrett, & Ross, 1990;Fagerstrom, Lonning, & Andersen, 2014;Lin et al, 2001), models' ability to replicate the past (e.g., Jorssen, 1989;Kinstler et al, 2008;Song & Rathwell, 1993), historic censuses over time (e.g., the work of Freed, Nahra, & Wheeler, 2003), fit tests, and residual error tests (e.g., Lin & Juan, 2010;Wang & Lin, 2007;Zhihong, Zhiguang, & Qi, 2003). Some articles merely mentioned that the validity of the model has been conducted, but the test approach has not been specified (e.g., Grobler & Zock, 2010;Masnick, 2009).…”