The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial of the National Cancer Institute: History, organization, and status

Gohagan, John K.; Prorok, Philip C.; Hayes, Richard B.; Kramer, Barnett S.

doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00097-0

Cited by 464 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…28,29 Approximately 150,000 U.S. men and women, aged 55-74 at enrollment, were randomly assigned to the screening or nonscreening arm of the study. PLCO participants were recruited from 10 screening centers in the United States (Birmingham, AL; Denver, CO; Detroit, MI; Honolulu, HI; Marshfield, WI; Minneapolis, MN; Pittsburgh, PA; Salt Lake City, UT; St. Louis, MO; and Washington, DC) between September 1993 and June 2001.…”

Section: The Plco Cancer Screening Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: A prospective study

Weiss¹,

Huang²,

Rinaldi

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Sex steroid hormones influence prostate development and maintenance through their roles in prostate cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Although suspected to be involved in prostate carcinogenesis, an association between circulating androgens and prostate cancer has not been clearly established in epidemiologic studies. We conducted a nested case-control study with prospectively collected samples in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, to examine associations of prostate cancer with androstenedione (D4-A), testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 3a-androstanediol glucuronide (3a-diolG). A total of 727 incident Caucasian prostate cancer cases (age ≥ 65 years, N 5 396) and 889 matched controls were selected for this analysis. Overall, prostate cancer risks were unrelated to serum T, estimated free and bioavailable T, and SHBG; however, risks increased with increasing T:SHBG ratio (p trend 5 0.01), mostly related to risk in older men (≥65 years, p trend 5 0.001), particularly for aggressive disease [highest versus lowest quartile: odds ratio (OR) 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1. 50-5.09]. No clear patterns were noted for D4-A and 3a-diolG. In summary, our large prospective study did not show convincing evidence of a relationship between serum sex hormones and prostate cancer. T:SHBG ratio was related to risk in this older population of men, but the significance of this ratio in steroidal biology is unclear. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: prostate; hormones; testosterone; 3a-diolG; sex hormonebinding globulin; androstenedione Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men in the United States. 1 Age, race and family history of prostate cancer are the only well-established risk factors for this disease (reviewed in Refs. 2, 3). Androgens are important in prostate cancer; prolonged administration of testosterone induces prostate cancer in animal models 4,5 and androgens are important modifiers of disease progression and metastases. 6,7 Testosterone (T) is derived in the testes from androstenedione (D4-A) and is converted in the prostate to its more active form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 8 DHT binds in a complex to the androgen receptor (AR), influencing cellular proliferation through control of numerous gene-regulating AR response elements. DHT is further metabolized to 3a-androstanediol (3a-diol) and 3a-androstanediol glucuronide (3a-diolG). In circulation, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the major high-affinity carrier of T, while serum albumin serves as an androgen carrier of low binding affinity. 8 SHBG may also play a role directly in steroid signaling, through binding to a receptor (R SHBG ), inducing cAMP synthesis (reviewed in Ref. 9).Although androgens are important in prostate carcinogenesis, 10 epidemiologic studies relating serum hormone levels to prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive, with most prospective studies in the United States an...

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Section: The Plco Cancer Screening Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: A prospective study

Weiss¹,

Huang²,

Rinaldi

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…23,27 It has yet to be proven in large randomized control studies that PSA screening significantly reduces mortality from PCa; however two studies are anticipated to answer this question in the near future. 28,29 Detecting cancer at lower stages and volumes has led to improved survival for other malignancies. 30 The American Urologic Association (AUA) recommends beginning PSA screening in all men aged 50 years or more with a life expectancy of more than 10 years.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV and prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature

Silberstein

Downs

Lakin

et al. 2008

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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Malignancy occurs with increased frequency in the HIV-positive population. The true incidence of prostate cancer in this population is unknown. In the few cases that have been presented in the literature, prostate cancer in HIV-positive men appears to behave much like it does in HIV-negative men. Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer death. Approximately 800 000 men in the United States are HIV positive, and innovative therapies have dramatically improved survival. HIV disproportionately impacts ethnic groups with increased risk of prostate cancer and has been associated with increases in the incidence of certain malignancies. Despite the high prevalence of both diseases, there is relatively little literature about prostate cancer in HIV-positive patients. There is no consensus on how to screen or treat this patient population. We review the literature with regards to incidence, screening, treatment, and outcomes of this poorly characterized population. We briefly discuss the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and testosterone supplementation in the development of prostate cancer. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE key words 'HIV,' 'prostate,' 'prostate cancer' and 'AIDS.' Manual bibliographic review of cross-referenced items was also performed. A total of 176 unique abstracts and publications were reviewed; many authors provided data on the incidence of HIV and various malignancies including prostate cancer. Twelve unique publications providing detailed information on 60 patients with HIV and prostate cancer were identified. Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in HIV-positive men. With improved therapies for HIV and increasing survival, the importance for screening and treating prostate cancer is increasing. Acute outcomes of treatment do not demonstrate increased acute morbidity; however long-term outcomes have not been reported.

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“…The trial recruited approximately 74 000 screening arm participants (37 000 men, 37 000 women; age 55 -74 years) and an equal number of nonscreened controls, aged 55 -74 years, at 10 US study centres. Participants were randomised to the screening or control arms to evaluate the effect of blood prostatespecific testing and digital rectal examination, chest X-ray, sigmoidoscopy, and trans-vaginal ultrasound and CA-125 testing on PLCO cancer mortality (Gohagan et al, 2000). Written informed consent from participants and approval from the institutional review boards of the 10 study centres and National Cancer Institute were obtained.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we explored the association between four specific SNPs in the regulatory regions (two in the promoter region (À663 and À798), one in intron 5 (5229), and one in 3 0 UTR (8494)) and the risk for advanced adenoma in a nested case/control study of 1455 Caucasians (726 cases and 729 controls) from the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial (Gohagan et al, 2000). Furthermore, in view of the strong evidence of tobacco smoking as a risk factor and use of NSAIDs as a protective factor for colorectal cancer, we investigated possible interactions between Cox-2 gene polymorphisms and the smoking status and use of NSAIDs on the risk of adenoma development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Allellic variants in regulatory regions of cyclooxygenase-2: association with advanced colorectal adenoma

et al. 2005

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Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) is upregulated in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene may influence its function and/or its expression and may modify the protective effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), thereby impacting individuals' risk of developing colorectal cancer and response to prevention/intervention strategies. In a nested casecontrol study, four polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene (two in the promoter, À663 insertion/deletion, GT/(GT) and À798 A/G; one in intron 5-5229, T/G; one in 3 0 untranslated region (UTR)-8494, T/C) were genotyped in 726 cases of colorectal adenomas and 729 age-and gender-matched controls in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. There was no significant association between the Cox-2 polymorphisms and adenoma development in the overall population. However, in males, the relatively rare heterozygous genotype GT/(GT) at À663 in the promoter and the variant homozygous genotype G/G at intron 5-5229 appeared to have inverse associations (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 0.59, confidence interval (CI): 0.34 -1.02 and OR ¼ 0.48, CI: 0.24 -0.99, respectively), whereas the heterozygous genotype T/C at 3 0 UTR-8494 had a positive association (OR ¼ 1.31, CI: 1.01 -1.71) with adenoma development. Furthermore, the haplotype carrying the risk-conferring 3 0 UTR-8494 variant was associated with a 35% increase in the odds for adenoma incidence in males (OR ¼ 1.35, CI: 1.07 -1.70), but the one with a risk allele at 3 0 UTR-8494 and a protective allele at intron 5-5229 had no effect on adenoma development (OR ¼ 0.85, CI: 0.66 -1.09). Gender-related differences in adenoma risk were also noted with tobacco usage and protective effects of NSAIDs. Our analysis underscores the significance of the overall allelic architecture of Cox-2 as an important determinant for risk assessment.

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The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial of the National Cancer Institute: History, organization, and status

Cited by 464 publications

References 23 publications

Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: A prospective study

Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: A prospective study

HIV and prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature

Allellic variants in regulatory regions of cyclooxygenase-2: association with advanced colorectal adenoma

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