The Properties and Host Range of Male-specific Bacteriophages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Stanisich, Vilma A.

doi:10.1099/00221287-84-2-332

Cited by 131 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Among the hosts are Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The best-characterized members of this group are PRD1 and PR4 (35). Results obtained with one of them are applicable to the other.…”

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confidence: 62%

Functional organization of the bacteriophage PRD1 genome

et al. 1994

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PRD1 is a broad-host-range virus that infects Escherichia coli cells. It has a linear double-stranded DNA genome that replicates by a protein-primed mechanism. The virus particle is composed of a protein coat enclosing a lipid membrane. On the basis of this structure, PRD1 is being used as a membrane biosynthesis and structure model. In this investigation, we constructed the transcription map of the 15-kb-long phage genome. This was achieved by a computer search of putative promoters, which were then tested for activity by primer extension and for the capability to promote the synthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.Bacteriophage PRD1 belongs to a group of closely related viruses infecting various gram-negative bacteria harboring plasmids of the P, N, or W incompatibility group (4,7,23 (3,9,33).From genetic and biochemical information, it was evident that at least 25 gene products are encoded from the genome (19,20). Most of them are small membrane-associated proteins. Sequencing of the 14,925-bp-long genome led to the firm assignment of 19 genes and localization of 14 additional open reading frames (6,28,29,32). The early proteins needed for DNA replication and regulation are located at genome ends, whereas the genes coding for structural proteins and assembly factors are located in the central part of the genome. The genes with identified functions are designated by roman numerals, and the corresponding gene products (proteins) are designated by P and the corresponding arabic numeral.On the basis of their temporal expression, the PRD1 proteins were divided into early, middle early, and late classes (20). The early proteins were the genome terminal protein (P8) and the DNA polymerase (P1) from the left end of the genome (33, 34) and a single-stranded-DNA-binding protein, P12, from the right end of the genome (27 (13,14).From the PRD1 genomic sequence data, it was obvious that transcriptional regulation at both the promoter and terminator levels was complex, and only two of the genes are transcribed from right to left. We decided to begin the promoter search with a computer screen. Statistical and neural network programs, trained on a data base of E. coli promoters, were used to search the PRD1 sequence for promoter sites (24, 25). On E. coli targets, these programs would be expected to capture >75% of true promoters while generating one or two false positives per 1,000 bases. The activities of the promoters, among the promoter-like sequences obtained by computer search, were determined by two experimental methods: (i) screening the ability of cloned PRD1 genomic fragments to promote chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression and (ii) mapping the transcriptional start sites by primer extension. Possible terminators were screened by searching for local highly stable hairpin loops from the genomic sequence. Here we present the transcription map of the PRD1 genome, including the previously determined two early promoters. MATERUILS AND METHODSBacterial strains, plasmids, and phage. Bacteriophage PRD1 ...

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Functional organization of the bacteriophage PRD1 genome

et al. 1994

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“…Interestingly, positive correlation between change in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and change in viral abundance is likely a result of infection by a filamentous virus that do not typically lyse hosts but are rather extruded from the cell without significant cell lysis (Bradley, 1973;Stanisich, 1974). The nitrate-reducing Pseudomonas sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation between viral production and carbon mineralization under nitrate-reducing conditions in aquifer sediment

et al. 2014

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A variety of microbially mediated metabolic pathways impact biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial subsurface environments. However, the role that viruses have in influencing microbial mortality and microbial community structure is poorly understood. Here we investigated the production of viruses and change in microbial community structure within shallow alluvial aquifer sediment slurries amended with 13 C-labeled acetate and nitrate. Biostimulation resulted in production of viruses concurrent with acetate oxidation, 13 CO 2 production and nitrate reduction. Interestingly, change in viral abundance was positively correlated to acetate consumption (r 2 ¼ 0.6252, Po0.05) and 13 CO 2 production (r 2 ¼ 0.6572, Po0.05); whereas change in cell abundance was not correlated to acetate consumption or 13 CO 2 production. Viral-mediated cell lysis has implications for microbial community structure. Betaproteobacteria predominated microbial community composition (62% of paired-end reads) upon inoculation but decreased in relative abundance and was negatively correlated to changes in viral abundance (r 2 ¼ 0.5036, Po0.05). As members of the Betaproteobacteria decreased, Gammaproteobacteria, specifically Pseudomonas spp., increased in relative abundance (82% of paired-end reads) and was positively correlated with the change in viral abundance (r 2 ¼ 0.5368, Po0.05). A nitrate-reducing bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain Alda10, was isolated from these sediments and produced viral-like particles with a filamentous morphology that did not result in cell lysis. Together, these results indicate that viruses are linked to carbon biogeochemistry and community structure in terrestrial subsurface sediments. The subsequent cell lysis has the potential to alter available carbon pools in subsurface environments, additionally controlling microbial community structure from the bottom-up.

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“…These plasmids encode the phage receptor but are not otherwise involved in the virus life cycle (22). Five other PRD1-like viruses have been isolated from different parts of the world (PR3 [5], PR4 [26], PR5 [30], PR772 [8], and L17 [4]), and it has been shown that their genomic sequences share approximately 98% identity (21).…”

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GIL16, a New Gram-Positive Tectiviral Phage Related to theBacillus thuringiensisGIL01 and theBacillus cereuspBClin15 Elements

2005

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One of the most notable characteristics of Tectiviridae resides in their double-layer coats: the doublestranded DNA is located within a flexible lipoprotein vesicle covered by a rigid protein capsid. Despite their apparent rarity, tectiviruses have an extremely wide distribution compared to other phage groups. Members of this family have been found to infect gram-negative (PRD1 and relatives) as well as gram-positive (Bam35, GIL01, AP50, and NS11) hosts. Several reports have shown that tectiviruses infecting gram-negative bacteria are closely related, whereas no information is currently available on the genetic relationship among those infecting gram-positive bacteria. The present study reports the sequence of GIL16, a new isolate originating from Bacillus thuringiensis, and a genetic comparison of this isolate with the tectiviral bacteriophages Bam35 and GIL01, which originated from B. thuringiensis serovars Alesti and Israelensis, respectively. In contrast to PRD1 and its relatives, these are temperate bacteriophages existing as autonomous linear prophages within the host cell. Mutations in a particular motif in both the GIL01 and GIL16 phages are also shown to correlate with a switch to the lytic cycle. Interestingly, both bacterial viruses displayed narrow, yet slightly different, host spectrums. We also explore the hypothesis that pBClin15, a linear plasmid hosted by the Bacillus cereus reference strain ATCC 14579, is also a prophage. Sequencing of its inverted repeats at both extremities and a comparison with GIL01 and GIL16 emphasize its relationship to the Tectiviridae.The bacteriophage GIL01 has a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 14,931 bp delineated by imperfect 73-bp inverted repeats and protected by proteins at its 5Ј ends. GIL01 is a temperate bacteriophage that was isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Israelensis whose prophage form, designated pGIL01, resides in the host cell as an autonomous linear plasmid without any apparent integration into the host chromosome. It has been suggested that GIL01 belongs to the family Tectiviridae (28), whose members are characterized by the presence of an internal lipid membrane. While tectiviruses infecting gram-negative bacteria have been extensively studied at the genetic level, those infecting gram-positive bacteria remain less well characterized. PRD1, for instance, is the family model and infects bacteria harboring conjugative plasmids of the P, N, or W incompatibility groups, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. These plasmids encode the phage receptor but are not otherwise involved in the virus life cycle In addition to GIL01, three other tectiviruses that infect gram-positive bacteria have been identified so far. The bacteriophages AP50 and NS11, isolated from Bacillus anthracis (19) and Bacillus acidocaldarius (23, 24), respectively, have only been morphologically characterized. Bam35 was isolated from B. thuringiensis serovar Alesti in 1978 (1) and was recently sequenced (21), revealing that it differs from GIL01 by 11 bp. A p...

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The Properties and Host Range of Male-specific Bacteriophages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Cited by 131 publications

References 31 publications

Functional organization of the bacteriophage PRD1 genome

Functional organization of the bacteriophage PRD1 genome

Correlation between viral production and carbon mineralization under nitrate-reducing conditions in aquifer sediment

GIL16, a New Gram-Positive Tectiviral Phage Related to theBacillus thuringiensisGIL01 and theBacillus cereuspBClin15 Elements

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