The Production and Clinical Features of a Chronic Stroke Model in Experimental Primates

Abstract

The characteristics of stroke in baboons produced by transcranial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were studied by clinical examination and serial cinematographic studies, the animals being maintained for three years following the stroke. The characteristic deficit in all animals was an initial, fairly dense faciobrachial weakness with, in a few instances, some accompanying leg weakness for a few days, rapidly improving over the first few months. Some animals retained very evident arm weakness; most animals retained weakness of the face; the majority showed recovery of reaching and placing reactions and some movement in all joints ofthe upper limb, although fine movements of the fingers remained invariably impaired. Homonymous hemianopia, at least to attention, also appeared to be characteristic, but all of the animals recovered a normal gait and leaping was regained. The close correlation between this and human stroke appears to confirm that middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon is a reliable, repeatable and acceptable stroke model.

Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow.

“…20 The findings of normal cerebral blood flow with chronic infarction in the baboon has been previously reported. 19 ' 20 The analysis obtained more accurately (i.e. consistent with previous nonhuman primate studies of cerebral blood flow, 19 -20 ) reflects the slow component of flow.…”

Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow.

“…20 The findings of normal cerebral blood flow with chronic infarction in the baboon has been previously reported. 19 ' 20 The analysis obtained more accurately (i.e. consistent with previous nonhuman primate studies of cerebral blood flow, 19 -20 ) reflects the slow component of flow.…”

Experimental ischemic stroke: a review.

“…Homonymous hemianopia is typically evident; after a few months, normal gait and leaping are regained. 9 The clinical and morphologic features of this model, are very similar to those of a massive ischemic stroke (i.e. : brain infarction) in a human cerebral hemisphere.…”

Cortical innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus in the non‐human primate (Macaca mulatta)

“…For instance, in the monkey the M1 projection dominantly innervates the ventrolateral region of the contralateral facial nucleus (Kuypers, 1958a; Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001) which contains motor neurons supplying the lower facial muscles (e.g., Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001). Thus, injury to ventral M1 in non-human primates produces lower facial paralysis, with sparing of the upper facial muscles (Green and Walker, 1938; Symon et al, 1975; Larson et al, 1980), a condition that characteristically occurs following unilateral MCA infarction in stroke patients (Afifi and Bergman, 1980; Brodal, 1981; Adams et al, 1997). Given this example, the widespread nature of M1 labeled terminals occurring within the hypoglossal nucleus (Figs.…”

Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow.

“…20 The findings of normal cerebral blood flow with chronic infarction in the baboon has been previously reported. 19 ' 20 The analysis obtained more accurately (i.e. consistent with previous nonhuman primate studies of cerebral blood flow, 19 -20 ) reflects the slow component of flow.…”

Experimental ischemic stroke: a review.

“…Homonymous hemianopia is typically evident; after a few months, normal gait and leaping are regained. 9 The clinical and morphologic features of this model, are very similar to those of a massive ischemic stroke (i.e. : brain infarction) in a human cerebral hemisphere.…”

Cortical innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus in the non‐human primate (Macaca mulatta)

“…For instance, in the monkey the M1 projection dominantly innervates the ventrolateral region of the contralateral facial nucleus (Kuypers, 1958a; Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001) which contains motor neurons supplying the lower facial muscles (e.g., Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001). Thus, injury to ventral M1 in non-human primates produces lower facial paralysis, with sparing of the upper facial muscles (Green and Walker, 1938; Symon et al, 1975; Larson et al, 1980), a condition that characteristically occurs following unilateral MCA infarction in stroke patients (Afifi and Bergman, 1980; Brodal, 1981; Adams et al, 1997). Given this example, the widespread nature of M1 labeled terminals occurring within the hypoglossal nucleus (Figs.…”

Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow.

“…20 The findings of normal cerebral blood flow with chronic infarction in the baboon has been previously reported. 19 ' 20 The analysis obtained more accurately (i.e. consistent with previous nonhuman primate studies of cerebral blood flow, 19 -20 ) reflects the slow component of flow.…”

Experimental ischemic stroke: a review.

“…Homonymous hemianopia is typically evident; after a few months, normal gait and leaping are regained. 9 The clinical and morphologic features of this model, are very similar to those of a massive ischemic stroke (i.e. : brain infarction) in a human cerebral hemisphere.…”

Cortical innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus in the non‐human primate (Macaca mulatta)

“…For instance, in the monkey the M1 projection dominantly innervates the ventrolateral region of the contralateral facial nucleus (Kuypers, 1958a; Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001) which contains motor neurons supplying the lower facial muscles (e.g., Jenny and Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al, 2001). Thus, injury to ventral M1 in non-human primates produces lower facial paralysis, with sparing of the upper facial muscles (Green and Walker, 1938; Symon et al, 1975; Larson et al, 1980), a condition that characteristically occurs following unilateral MCA infarction in stroke patients (Afifi and Bergman, 1980; Brodal, 1981; Adams et al, 1997). Given this example, the widespread nature of M1 labeled terminals occurring within the hypoglossal nucleus (Figs.…”