The Potential of Minor Ginsenosides Isolated from the Leaves of Panax ginseng as Inhibitors of Melanogenesis

Lee, Dae-Young; Cha, Byeong-Ju; Lee, Young‐Seob; Kim, Geum-Soog; Noh, Hyung-Jun; Kim, Seung-Yu; Kang, Hee Cheol; Kim, Jin Hee; Baek, Nam‐In

doi:10.3390/ijms16011677

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…E (4.2 g). The structures of 1 – 12 were confirmed by comparison of LC/HR‐ESI‐MS data with those of reference ginsenosides identified by our groups in previous publications ( Figures S1 and S2 ) . The analysis was performed by UPLC‐QToF with the binary gradient elution system consisted of 0.1 % formic acid in water (A) and 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile (B).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

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Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol‐Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis

Nguyen

Win

et al. 2020

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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The ocotillol (OCT)-type saponins have been known as a tetracyclic triterpenoid, possessing five-or sixmembered epoxy ring in the side chain. Interestingly, this type saponin was mostly found in Panax vietnamensis HA et GRUSHV., Araliaceae (VG), hence making VG unique from the other Panax spp. Five OCT-type saponins, majonoside R2, vina-ginsenoside R2, majonoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT4, vina-ginsenoside R11, together with three protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins and four protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins from VG were evaluated for their antimelanogenic activity. All of isolates were found to be active. More importantly, the five OCT-type saponins inhibited melanin production in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells, without showing any cytotoxicity. Besides ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3 in PPD and notoginsenoside R1 in PPT-type saponins, majonoside R2 was the most potent melanogenesis inhibitory activity in OCT-type saponins. In this article, we highlighted antimelanogenic activity of OCT-type saponins and potential structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides. Our results suggested that OCT-type saponins could be used as a depigmentation agent.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

“…In contrast, current studies of Korean Ginseng (KG) have revealed that the KG could be an useful antimelanogenic cream . Furthermore, the antimelanogenic activity of protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)‐type saponins in Panax species, especially in KG, had been well reported …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol‐Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis

Nguyen

Win

et al. 2020

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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“…In recent years, it not only is used for its effect on the skin, but is also clearly a scientific approach for the treatment of various diseases [23] , [24] . It has been reported that several ginsenosides and cinnamic acid are inhibitory agents of melanogenesis, and are found mainly in P. ginseng [11] , [25] , [26] . Therefore, we studied the expression of a protein found in melanin synthesis by nontoxic FGA (it has not been studied with respect to the physiological activities, as mentioned in the introduction) in melan-a cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanogenesis inhibition activity of floralginsenoside A from Panax ginseng berry

Lee

Jeong

et al. 2017

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundPanax ginseng is a traditional herb used for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. P. ginseng contains various ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, floralginsenoside A (FGA), ginsenoside Rd (GRD), and ginsenoside Re (GRE) were purified from P. ginseng berry.MethodsChemical structures of FGA, GRD, and GRE were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, ID-nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Inhibitory activities of these compounds on melanogenesis were studied by measuring the expression of protein and melanin content in the melan-a cell line. This inhibitory activity was confirmed by observing pigmentation and tyrosinase activities of zebrafish.ResultsGRD, GRE, and FGA were not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM in melan-a cells, respectively. GRD, GRE, and FGA inhibited melanin biosynthesis in melan-a cells by 15.2%, 22.9%, and 23.9% at 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM, respectively. FGA was observed to display the most potent inhibitory effect. In addition, FGA decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FGA induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation level in melan-a cells. In addition, melanin pigment content and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish treated with FGA at160μM were reduced.ConclusionFGA showed the most potent inhibition of melanogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study suggests that FGA purified from P. ginseng may be an effective melanogenesis inhibitor.

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“…Especially, pseudane-VII showed the highest inhibitory activity (42.7%) at a concentration of 8 µg/mL. It has been reported that few active anti-melanogenic agents such as ginsenosides extracted from leaves of Panax ginseng [ 18 ] showed 35.5% inhibitory activity at 80 µM. In addition, cinnamic acid extracted from Cinnamomum cassia Blume and Panax ginseng exhibited 29% inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis at 500 µM [ 19 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Rapid Secondary-Metabolite Profiling of Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2

Kim

et al. 2016

Marine Drugs

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The ocean is a rich resource of flora, fauna, and food. A wild-type bacterial strain showing confluent growth on marine agar with antibacterial activity was isolated from marine water, identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Pseudoalteromonas sp., and designated as strain M2. This strain was found to produce various secondary metabolites including quinolone alkaloids. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, we identified nine secondary metabolites of 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline (pseudane-III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI). Additionally, this strain produced two novel, closely related compounds, 2-isopentylqunoline-4-one and 2-(2,3-dimetylbutyl)qunoline-4-(1H)-one, which have not been previously reported from marine bacteria. From the metabolites produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2, 2-(2,3-dimethylbutyl)quinolin-4-one, pseudane-VI, and pseudane-VII inhibited melanin synthesis in Melan-A cells by 23.0%, 28.2%, and 42.7%, respectively, wherein pseudane-VII showed the highest inhibition at 8 µg/mL. The results of this study suggest that liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS-based metabolite screening effectively improves the efficiency of novel metabolite discovery. Additionally, these compounds are promising candidates for further bioactivity development.

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The Potential of Minor Ginsenosides Isolated from the Leaves of Panax ginseng as Inhibitors of Melanogenesis

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol‐Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis

Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol‐Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis

Melanogenesis inhibition activity of floralginsenoside A from Panax ginseng berry

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Rapid Secondary-Metabolite Profiling of Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2

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