The Plasma State

Thermal Plasma Gasification of Biomass

“…6 for nitrogen, oxygen and steam. The curves were calculated from thermodynamic equilibrium enthalpies of three gases [Boulos 1994, Krenek 2008 and from the total energy of gasification determined above. For temperatures lower than 3000 K the ratio is close to 1.…”

Nonlinear Bubble Behavior due to Heat Transfer

“…(26) is so short less than 500 ps. The gas conductivity at ultra high temperature k g ' may be obtained from collision integrals (Boulos et al, 1994 ). The value of ' may be chosen so that proper bouncing motion results after the collapse and is about 0.1 μm.…”

Number Density Distributions of Metal Vapor in Helium Gas Tungsten Arcs

“…Thus, the application of LTE temperature to relation (1) was proposed. The electron number density measured by Thomson scattering gives LTE temperature through the assumption of ionization equilibrium well known as the Saha equation [16]. Therefore, LTE temperature can be defined as the ionization temperature.…”