The Pineal Gland: A Supplemental Source of Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones

White, W. F.; Hedlund, Marie; Weber, Gunthard; Rippel, R. H.; Johnson, Eddie; Wilber, John F.

doi:10.1210/endo-94-5-1422

Cited by 99 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…An identical conclusion was reached by Hoffman & Reiter (1966) (Reiter, 1973;Domanski, Przekop, Skubiszewski & Wolinska, 1975), arginine vasotocin (Pavel, Petrescu & Vicoleanu, 1973), and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (White et al, 1974;Duraiswami, Franchimont, Boucher & Thieblot, 1976 …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams

Barrell¹,

Lapwood²

1979

Reproduction

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Summary. Sixteen Romney rams were utilized in a 2 \m=x\2 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects on semen production of (i) contrasting lighting regimens, and (ii) pinealectomy or sham-operation.Reversal of the annual photoperiodic cycle advanced the seasonal peak of fructose levels in semen by 4 months and also reduced percentages of unstained and morphologically normal spermatozoa. Pinealectomy abolished this advancement of peak fructose production and reduced overall concentrations and motility of spermatozoa. Moreover, towards the end of the study pinealectomized rams had higher ejaculate volumes than did sham-operated rams.Testicular and accessory sex gland data obtained after the rams were killed showed a marked influence of the lighting regimen: high values from sham-operated rams in short daily photoperiods contrasted with depressed values from those in long daily photoperiods. Pinealectomized rams provided values midway between these extremes, a finding which suggested both anti-and pro-gonadotrophic roles for the pineal gland in rams.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams

Barrell¹,

Lapwood²

1979

Reproduction

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“…Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone. In the historical context of the search for an anti or progonadotropic role of the pineal gland, the effects of peptides of the hypothalamo-pituitary system have been studied in the mammalian pineal gland (see White et al, 1974;Pévet, 1981;for review;Noteborn et al, 1992;Park et al, 1995). It is probable that some of these peptidergic hormones are transported by the blood.…”

Section: Multiple Regulation Of Pineal Melatonin Synthesis In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of the Melatonin Endocrine Message in Mammals: A Review of the Complex Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Norepinephrine, Peptides, and Other Pineal Transmitters

2003

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“…These include: potentiation of behavioral excitation (6), mood elevation (7)(8)(9), stimulation of muscular activity of the intestine (10), induction of hypothermia (11), enhancement of cerebral noradrenaline turnover (12), inhibition of the electrical activity of some brain neurones (13), and potentiation of the excitatory action of acetylcholine (14). Thus, it is not surprising that significant amounts of TRH-like material (TRH-LM) have been found in areas of the central nervous system other than the hypothalamus (15)(16)(17)(18). The presence of immunoreactive (IR) and bioreactive TRH-LM has also been reported outside the central nervous system in human placenta (19,20), rat retina (21-23), frog skin (22), and rat gastrointestinal tract, including the pancreas (24)(25)(26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic patterns of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material in rat hypothalamus, pancreas, and retina: selective effect of light deprivation.

Martino¹,

Seo²,

Lernmark³

et al. 1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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ABSTRACr Recent observations have shown the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material (TRH-LM) in rat pancreatic islets and in retina. Its immunological and biological properties are identical to those of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (thyroliberin) This communication deals with the ontogenesis of TRH-LM in rat pancreas and retina as compared to that of rat hypothalamus. Effects of sex and exposure to constant dark were also studied. Results show that asynchronous changes in the concentration of TRH-LM occur during the postnatal maturation of these tissues, presumably mediated by organ-specific control mechanisms-e.g., light affects only the accumulation of TRH-LM in the retina. TRH-LM may act as neurotransmitter in the regulation of pancreatic islet cell function and in the development of photoreception in the retina. Increases in hypothalamic TRH-LM seem to parallel the development of the pituitary-thyroid secretory activity, but the function of extrahypothalamic TRH-LM remains speculative.Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, thyroliberin) is a tripeptide that was isolated from mammalian hypothalami and characterized as pyroglutamylhistidylproline amide (1, 2). As evidenced by its name, TRH was initially considered to play a specific role in the regulation of pituitary thyrotropin secretion. Subsequently, it has been shown that TRH also stimulates pituitary prolactin and growth hormone secretion (3-5). Effects unrelated to the control of adenohypophyseal function have also been reported. These include: potentiation of behavioral excitation (6), mood elevation (7-9), stimulation of muscular activity of the intestine (10), induction of hypothermia (11), enhancement of cerebral noradrenaline turnover (12), inhibition of the electrical activity of some brain neurones (13), and potentiation of the excitatory action of acetylcholine (14). Thus, it is not surprising that significant amounts of TRH-like material (TRH-LM) have been found in areas of the central nervous system other than the hypothalamus (15)(16)(17)(18). The presence of immunoreactive (IR) and bioreactive TRH-LM has also been reported outside the central nervous system in human placenta (19,20), rat retina (21-23), frog skin (22), and rat gastrointestinal tract, including the pancreas (24-26). In the latter, the main source of TRH appears to be the islets of Langerhans (26).Although it has been speculated that TRH may act as neurotransmitter or modulator of synaptic function, its function in extrahypothalamic tissues remains unknown, as is the precise cell of origin. Because there appears to be a good correlation between the postnatal changes in hypothalamic IR-TRH content and in pituitary and serum thyrotropin concentrations (27) and because exposure to dark has been shown to reduce the METHODSAll rats were of the CD strain obtained from Charles River Breeding Laboratories. They were housed in individual cages in a temperature-controlled (19-210C) and artifically illuminated (light from 0700 to 1900) room and allowed free acces...

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The Pineal Gland: A Supplemental Source of Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams

Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams

Generation of the Melatonin Endocrine Message in Mammals: A Review of the Complex Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Norepinephrine, Peptides, and Other Pineal Transmitters

Ontogenetic patterns of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material in rat hypothalamus, pancreas, and retina: selective effect of light deprivation.

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