The Physiological Basis of Reaction Norms: The Interaction Among Growth Rate, the Duration of Growth and Body Size

Davidowitz, Goggy; Nijhout, H. Frederik

doi:10.1093/icb/44.6.443

Cited by 193 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Evidence from Manduca does, however, support the van der Have and de Jong model of the TSR [28,30]. An increase in temperature increases growth rate but more substantially decreases the ICG, resulting in a reduction in peak larval mass and hence a smaller final body size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Maximum larval size in holometabolous insects is therefore regulated by the critical size, plus the amount of growth that is achieved between attainment of critical size and the cessation of growth [28,32]. This period is called the terminal growth period (TGP) in Drosophila [32,33] and the interval to cessation of growth (ICG) in Manduca [4,28]. Temperature could therefore affect final body size by influencing the critical size, the duration of the TGP/ICG and/or the rate of growth during the TGP/ICG.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature-size rule is mediated by thermal plasticity of critical size inDrosophila melanogaster

2013

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Most ectotherms show an inverse relationship between developmental temperature and body size, a phenomenon known as the temperature-size rule (TSR). Several competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain its occurrence. According to one set of views, the TSR results from inevitable biophysical effects of temperature on the rates of growth and differentiation, whereas other views suggest the TSR is an adaptation that can be achieved by a diversity of mechanisms in different taxa. Our data reveal that the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, obeys the TSR using a novel mechanism: reduction in critical size at higher temperatures. In holometabolous insects, attainment of critical size initiates the hormonal cascade that terminates growth, and hence, Drosophila larvae appear to instigate the signal to stop growth at a smaller size at higher temperatures. This is in contrast to findings from another holometabolous insect, Manduca sexta, in which the TSR results from the effect of temperature on the rate and duration of growth. This contrast suggests that there is no single mechanism that accounts for the TSR. Instead, the TSR appears to be an adaptation that is achieved at a proximate level through different mechanisms in different taxa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-size rule is mediated by thermal plasticity of critical size inDrosophila melanogaster

2013

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“…Developmental plasticity is the non-reversible change in phenotype of one life stage that is decided by the experience of an earlier life stage (for review and examples, see Davidowitz and Nijhout, 2004;Kingsolver and Huey, 2008;Nylin and Gotthard, 1998).…”

Section: Developmental and Cross-generational Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Sinclair

Alvarado

Ferguson

2015

Journal of Thermal Biology

298

326

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Insect performance is limited by the temperature of the environment, and in temperate, polar, and alpine regions, the majority of insects must face the challenge of exposure to low temperatures. The physiological response to cold exposure shapes the ability of insects to survive and thrive in these environments, and can be measured, without great technical difficulty, for both basic and applied research. For example, understanding insect cold tolerance allows us to predict the establishment and spread of insect pests and biological control agents. Additionally, the discipline provides the tools for drawing physiological comparisons among groups in wider studies that may not be focused primarily on the ability of insects to survive the cold. Thus, the study of insect cold tolerance is of a broad interest, and several reviews have addressed the theories and advances in the field. Here, however, we aim to clarify and provide rationale for common practices used to study cold tolerance, as a starter's guide for newcomers to the field, students, and those wishing to incorporate cold tolerance into a broader study. We cover the 'tried and true' measures of insect cold tolerance, the equipment necessary for these measurement, and summarize the ecological and biological significance of each. Additionally, we provide a suggested framework and workflow for measuring cold tolerance and low temperature performance in insects.

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“…The expression of scaling relationships ultimately hinges on the developmental regulatory processes that produce variation in final organ and body size. These processes are best described from work on fully metamorphic (i.e., holometabolous) insects such as D. melanogaster, where organs grow as undifferentiated 'imaginal discs' within the grub-like larva 11,[15][16][17] . In Drosophila, final organ and body size are regulated by growth during the larval stages; larvae grow through the first and second larval instar until they reach a minimal viable weight for eclosion (MVW E ) towards the beginning of the third larval instar 18 .…”

Section: Rearing and Manipulation Of Diet To Produce Variation In Bodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in <em>Drosophila</em>

Stillwell

Dworkin

Shingleton

et al. 2011

JoVE

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The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] . Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body for the organism to function; larger individuals typically have larger body parts and smaller individuals generally have smaller body parts, such that overall body shape is maintained across a range of adult body sizes. The requirement for correct proportions means that individuals within species usually exhibit low variation in relative trait size. In contrast, relative trait size can vary dramatically among species and is a primary mechanism by which morphological diversity is produced. Over a century of comparative work has established these intra-and interspecific patterns 3,4 .Perhaps the most widely used approach to describe this variation is to calculate the scaling relationship between the size of two morphological traits using the allometric equation y=bxα, where x and y are the size of the two traits, such as organ and body size 8,9 . This equation describes the within-group (e.g., species, population) scaling relationship between two traits as both vary in size. Log-transformation of this equation produces a simple linear equation, log(y) = log(b) + αlog(x) and log-log plots of the size of different traits among individuals of the same species typically reveal linear scaling with an intercept of log(b) and a slope of α, called the 'allometric coefficient' 9,10 . Morphological variation among groups is described by differences in scaling relationship intercepts or slopes for a given trait pair. Consequently, variation in the parameters of the allometric equation (b and α) elegantly describes the shape variation captured in the relationship between organ and body size within and among biological groups (see 11,12 ).Not all traits scale linearly with each other or with body size (e.g., 13,14 ) Hence, morphological scaling relationships are most informative when the data are taken from the full range of trait sizes. Here we describe how simple experimental manipulation of diet can be used to produce the full range of body size in insects. This permits an estimation of the full scaling relationship for any given pair of traits, allowing a complete description of how shape covaries with size and a robust comparison of scaling relationship parameters among biological groups. Although we focus on Drosophila, our methodology should be applicable to nearly any fully metamorphic insect. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/3162/ Protocol Rearing and manipulation of diet to produce variation in body size and wing sizeRational and Overview. The expression of scaling relationships ultimately hinges on the developmental regulatory processes that produce variation in final organ and body size. These processes are best described from work on fully metamorphic (i.e., holometabolous) insects such as D. melanogaster, where organs grow as undifferentiated 'imaginal discs' within the grub-lik...

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The Physiological Basis of Reaction Norms: The Interaction Among Growth Rate, the Duration of Growth and Body Size

Cited by 193 publications

References 33 publications

Temperature-size rule is mediated by thermal plasticity of critical size inDrosophila melanogaster

Temperature-size rule is mediated by thermal plasticity of critical size inDrosophila melanogaster

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in <em>Drosophila</em>

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