The Physical Oceanography of Long Island Sound

O’Donnell, James; Wilson, R. E.; Lwiza, Kamazima M. M.; Whitney, Michael M.; Bohlen, W. Frank; Codiga, Daniel L.; Fribance, Diane B.; Fake, Todd; Bowman, Malcolm J.; Varekamp, Johan C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5_3

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Previous studies in western LIS indicate that variations in salinity are controlled by seasonal cycles of freshwater input from the East, Harlem, Connecticut and Hudson Rivers (Lee and Lwiza 2005), tidal and wind mixing, exchange with the ocean and balance between precipitation and evaporation (Lee and Lwiza 2005;O'Donnell et al, 2013;Whitney, 2010). Our model accurately reproduced major variability in observed salinity, and provided reasonable representation of water column structure for DO simulation.…”

Section: Water Column Propertiessupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It increased gradually to reach the maximum of 22°C in early September, after which it decreased linearly toward December. This temperature reduction was a combined result of cooling and vertical mixing induced by reduced insolation and increased wind stress, respectively (O'Donnell et al, 2013). Bottom water temperature increased from 14°C to 22°C from June until early September, while surface waters warmed from 18°C to 22°C (Fig.…”

Section: Water Column Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The amplitude of its major tidal ellipse axis near surface is 0.9 m/s. The lunar elliptic and primary solar semi-diurnal tide, i.e., N2 and S2 are the other two major tidal components in LIS, and the amplitudes of their near surface major tidal axes are 0.19 and 0.12 m/s, respectively (O'Donnell et al, 2013). Freshwater enters the Sound from runoff and drainage along the coast of Long Island, New York, and Connecticut.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toward the eastern end of the Sound, the Connecticut River enters the Sound from the north and the ocean enters at the mouth. The western end of LIS is connected to the lower Hudson River via the East River, where tidal currents exceed 1 m/s (Blumberg and Pritchard, 1997;O'Donnell et al 2013). LIS is made up of four major basins (i.e., the Eastern Basin, the Central Basin, the Western Basin and the Narrows) separated by several sills and shoals (Fig.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Importance of the bacterial dynamics in model simulations of seasonal hypoxia

Liu

Lwiza

Taylor

2015

Continental Shelf Research

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Section: Water Column Propertiessupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Water Column Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Importance of the bacterial dynamics in model simulations of seasonal hypoxia

Liu

Lwiza

Taylor

2015

Continental Shelf Research

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“…There have been many observational and modeling studies of tides, currents, and water properties in Long Island Sound and the adjacent shelf region [Beardsley and Boicourt, 1981;Ianniello, 1981;Hopkins and Dieterle, 1983;1987;Blumberg and Galperin, 1990;Scheffner et al, 1994;Blumberg and Prichard, 1997;Edwards et al, 2004;Ullman and Codiga, 2004;Mau et al, 2008;Lentz, 2008;O'Donnell et al, 2014]. These studies were primarily focused on Long Island Sound or the entire Mid-Atlantic Bight but included results in Block Island Sound.…”

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confidence: 99%

Surface circulation in Block Island Sound and adjacent coastal and shelf regions: A FVCOM-CODAR comparison

Sun

Chen

Beardsley

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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CODAR-derived surface currents in Block Island Sound over the period of June 2000 throughSeptember 2008 were compared to currents computed using the Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecast System (NECOFS). The measurement uncertainty of CODAR-derived currents, estimated using statistics of a screened nine-year time series of hourly-averaged flow field, ranged from 3-7 cm/s in speed and 4°-14° in direction. The CODAR-derived and model-computed kinetic energy spectrum densities were in good agreement at subtidal frequencies, but the NECOFS-derived currents were larger by about 28% at semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal frequencies. The short-term (hourly to daily) current variability was dominated by the semidiurnal tides (predominantly the M 2 tide), which on average accounted for ~87% of the total kinetic energy. The diurnal tidal and subtidal variability accounted for ~4% and ~9% of the total kinetic energy, respectively. The monthly-averaged difference between the CODAR-derived and model-computed velocities over the study area was 6 cm/s or less in speed and 28° or less in direction over the study period. An EOF analysis for the low-frequency vertically-averaged model current field showed that the water transport in the Block Island Sound region was dominated by modes 1 and 2, which accounted for 89% and 7% of the total variance, respectively. Mode 1 represented a relatively stationary spatial and temporal flow pattern with a magnitude that varied with season. Mode 2 was characterized mainly by a secondary cross-shelf flow and a relatively strong along-shelf flow. Process-oriented model experiments indicated that the relatively stationary flow pattern found in mode 1 was a result of tidal rectification and its magnitude changed with seasonal stratification. Correlation analysis between the flow and wind stress suggested that the cross-shelf water transport and its 3 temporal variability in mode 2 were highly correlated to the surface wind forcing. The mode 2 derived onshore and offshore water transport, and was consistent with wind-driven Ekman theory.The along-shelf water transport over the outer shelf, where a large portion of the water flowed from upstream Nantucket Shoals, was not highly correlated to the surface wind stress.

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Internal tides and tidal cycles of vertical mixing in western Long Island Sound

et al. 2016

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In estuaries, tidal period variations in the rate of vertical mixing have been observed to result from various causes: in Liverpool Bay and the York River, they have been attributed to tidal straining of the along‐channel density gradient modulating stratification; in the Hudson River they arise from tidal modulation of the height of the tidal current bottom boundary layer (BBL). Along continental shelves, tidal period fluctuations in mixing have been observed to result from the dissipation of internal waves (IWs). Western Long Island Sound (WLIS) moored instrument records indicate that large near‐bottom increases in dissolved oxygen (DO) and heat and a decrease in salt occur during the middle of the flood tide: an analysis of water mass signatures indicates that the transport involved is vertical and not horizontal. Temperature data from a vertical thermistor array deployed in the WLIS for 16 days in August 2009 clearly show a tidal cycle of IW activity creating a mean thermocline depression at midflood of approximately 25% of the water depth with individual IW thermocline depressions of as much as 50% of the water depth. Contemporaneous ADCP measurements show increases in shear due to IWs during the flood. Near‐bottom internal wave activity is maximal at and after midflood and is correlated with near‐bottom temperature and DO tendencies at both tidal and subtidal scales. We conclude that internal tides are an important vertical mixing mechanism in the WLIS through both increased shear from IWs and displacement of the pycnocline into the region of high shear in the BBL.

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The Physical Oceanography of Long Island Sound

Cited by 25 publications

References 87 publications

Importance of the bacterial dynamics in model simulations of seasonal hypoxia

Importance of the bacterial dynamics in model simulations of seasonal hypoxia

Surface circulation in Block Island Sound and adjacent coastal and shelf regions: A FVCOM-CODAR comparison

Internal tides and tidal cycles of vertical mixing in western Long Island Sound

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