The Pharmacokinetics of S-(-)Equol Administered as SE5-OH Tablets to Healthy Postmenopausal Women ,

Setchell, Kenneth D.R.; Zhao, Xueheng; Shoaf, Susan E.; Ragland, Karen

doi:10.3945/jn.109.110874

Cited by 64 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…It is cleared from plasma with a t 1/2 of 6 to 8 hours and excreted almost exclusively in urine. 37,41 The optimal clinical efficacy is more likely to occur with twice-daily administration rather than single-dose administration. This is important to consider when designing clinical studies of isoflavones.…”

Section: Bioavailability and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…42 Aglycones demonstrate rapid absorption and peak plasma concentrations are attained within 1 to 3 hours, depending on whether the isoflavones are taken with a meal or without a meal. 37 The effect of a meal is to delay absorption and shift the T max value. In contrast, for the A-glycoside conjugates, peak plasma concentrations of isoflavones typically occur 4 to 10 hours later due to a requirement for prior hydrolysis by intestinal brush border A-glycosidases, 43 which is a rate-limiting and time-dependent process.…”

Section: Bioavailability and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health

et al. 2011

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Several areas for further research have been identified on soy and midlife women. More clinical studies are needed that compare outcomes among women whose intestinal bacteria have the ability to convert daidzein to equol (equol producers) with those that lack that ability (equol nonproducers) in order to determine if equol producers derive greater benefits from soy supplementation. Larger studies are needed in younger postmenopausal women, and more research is needed to understand the modes of use of soy isoflavone supplements in women. The interrelations of other dietary components on soy isoflavones consumed as a part of diet or by supplement on equol production also require further study, as do potential interactions with prescription and over-the-counter medications. And finally, greater standardization and documentation of clinical trial data of soy are needed.

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Section: Bioavailability and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Bioavailability and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health

et al. 2011

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“…The circulating half-life of S-equol in plasma, approximately 8 h, is comparatively long among polyphenols (24), and about half of the circulating S-equol exists as free aglycone (25). Serum S-equol concentrations are elevated to about 5 mm at 2 h after oral administration of 30 mg S-equol (24). In some Japanese S-equol producers, the S-equol concentration is over 1 mm (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

S-Equol Enantioselectively Activates cAMP-Protein Kinase A Signaling and Reduces Alloxan-Induced Cell Death in INS-1 Pancreatic ^|^beta;-Cells

Horiuchi

Harada

Adachi

et al. 2014

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary S-Equol is enantioselectively produced from the isoflavone daidzein by gut microflora and is absorbed by the body. An increase of pancreatic b-cell death is directly associated with defects in insulin secretion and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we demonstrate that only the S-enantiomer has suppressive effects against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in INS-1 pancreatic b-cells. S-Equol reduced alloxan-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner, whereas R-equol had no effects. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the enantiomers in estrogenic activity. The cytoprotective effects of S-equol were stronger than those of its precursor daidzein and were blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The cytoprotection was diminished when cells were incubated with a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H89), but not an estrogen receptor inhibitor. S-Equol increased intracellular cAMP levels in an enantioselective manner. S-Equol, but not R-equol, induced phosphorylation of cAMPresponse element-binding protein at Ser 133, and induced cAMP-response element-mediated transcription, both of which were diminished in the presence of H89. Taken together, these results show that S-equol enantioselectively increases the survival of INS-1 cells presumably through activating PKA signaling. Thus, S-equol might have applications as an anti-type 2 diabetic agent. Key Words equol, cAMP, protein kinase A signaling, enantioselectivity, pancreatic b-cells * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: harada@biochem.osakafu-u.ac.jp Abbreviations: CHX, cycloheximide; CRE, cAMP response element; CREB, cAMP-response element-binding protein; E2, 17b-estradiol; ER, estrogen receptor; PKA, protein kinase A; RLU, relative light units; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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“…Maximum plasma S-equol concentrations occur between 1 and 3 hours after oral administration and it is cleared from plasma with a half-life of 7 to 10 hours. 23,29,32,33 Consequently, over 80% of S-equol is excreted in the urine within 24 hours after administration. 23,32,33 Based on these pharmacokinetics to achieve sustained steady-state serum concentrations, a twice-daily dose, rather than a once-daily dose of S-equol is considered optimal.…”

Section: General Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-equol: A Potential Nonhormonal Agent for Menopause-Related Symptom Relief

Utian

Jones

Setchell

2015

Journal of Women's Health

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Many women suffering from vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are now seeking nonpharmaceutical treatments for symptom relief. Recently, S-equol, an intestinal bacterial metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein has received attention for its ability to alleviate VMS and provide other important health benefits to menopausal women. S-equol is found in very few foods and only in traces. About 50% of Asians and 25% of non-Asians host the intestinal bacteria that convert daidzein into S-equol. Clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of an S-equol-containing product found that VMS were alleviated but these trials were limited in scope and primarily involved Japanese women for whom hot flashes are a minor complaint. The only trial in the United States evaluating hot flashes found symptoms were significantly reduced by S-equol, but the study lacked a placebo group, although it did include a positive control. The daily dose of S-equol used in most trials was 10 mg, and because the half-life of S-equol is 7-10 hours, to maximize efficacy, it was taken twice daily. Subanalysis of epidemiologic studies suggests that equol producers are more likely to benefit from soyfood consumption than nonproducers with respect to both cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, although the data are inconsistent. The limited safety data for S-equol do not suggest cause for concern, especially with regard to its effects on breast and endometrial tissue. Further studies are needed before definitive conclusions of its effectiveness for VMS can be made, but the preliminary evidence warrants clinicians discussing the potential of S-equol for the alleviation of VMS with patients.

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The Pharmacokinetics of S-(-)Equol Administered as SE5-OH Tablets to Healthy Postmenopausal Women ,

Cited by 64 publications

References 44 publications

The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health

The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health

S-Equol Enantioselectively Activates cAMP-Protein Kinase A Signaling and Reduces Alloxan-Induced Cell Death in INS-1 Pancreatic ^|^beta;-Cells

S-equol: A Potential Nonhormonal Agent for Menopause-Related Symptom Relief

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