The performance of FIT-based and other risk prediction models for colorectal neoplasia in symptomatic patients: a systematic review

Hampton, James S.; Kenny, Ryan P.W.; Rees, Colin J.; Hamilton, William; Eastaugh, Claire; Richmond, Catherine; Sharp, Linda

doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102204

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…A further study modelling the risk of CRC using logistic regression in a population in Scotland concluded no benefit to the use of a risk score in those with a low FIT test however it suggested that modelled risk might allow the raising of the current threshold and thus reduce endoscopy demand 27 . A recent systematic review of the performance of f-Hb-based risk prediction models identified 22 studies combining FIT with one or more variable to predict the risk of CRC or advanced colonic polyps 11 . The review found that 10 studies reported development of a model, whilst four reported validation of models and three presented both derivation and validation 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent systematic review of the performance of f-Hb-based risk prediction models identified 22 studies combining FIT with one or more variable to predict the risk of CRC or advanced colonic polyps 11 . The review found that 10 studies reported development of a model, whilst four reported validation of models and three presented both derivation and validation 11 . The models were developed in modestly sized cohorts and were considered methodologically poor with a lack of validation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FAST score did not incorporate blood tests into the risk prediction model, instead using f-Hb level, age and sex 26 . A recent systematic review of the performance of f-Hb-based risk prediction models identified 22 studies combining FIT with one or more variable to predict the risk of CRC or advanced colonic polyps 11 . The review found that 10 studies reported development of a model, whilst four reported validation of models and three presented both derivation and validation 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such predictions could inform all stakeholders (patients, general practitioners, policy makers) as to who could either safely avoid investigation or have it routinely (and be reassured that the risk of CRC is low) whilst prioritising those with the highest risks of CRC for urgent colonic investigations. A recent systematic review highlighted the potential merits of this approach using f-Hb; however, it concluded that models to date had been developed with poor methodology and few externally validated models 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COLOFIT: Development and internal-external validation of models using age, sex, faecal immunochemical and blood tests to optimise diagnosis of colorectal cancer in symptomatic patients

Crooks,

West,

Jones

et al. 2024

Preprint

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ObjectiveTo develop and validate a model using available information at the time of Faecal Immunochemical testing (FIT) in primary care to improve selection of symptomatic patients for colorectal cancer (CRC) investigations.DesignPopulation based cohort study.SettingAll adults ≥ 18 years of age referred to Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust between 2018 and 2022 with symptoms of suspected CRC who had a FIT.ParticipantsThe derivation cohort (Nov/2017- Nov/2021) included 34,435 patients with FIT results who had 533 (1.5%) CRCs at 1- year. The validation analysis included 34,231 patients with first FITs in the derivation cohort with 516 (1.5%) cancers, and 16,735 patients with first FITs in the validation cohort with 206 (1.2%) cancers.Main outcome measuresPredicted 1-year CRC diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards modelling with selected multiple fractional polynomial transformations for age, faecal haemoglobin concentration (f-Hb) value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet count and sex. In the internal-external validation we calculated discrimination and calibration to assess performance and estimated net benefit values across a range of CRC risk thresholds to assess clinical utility.ResultsIn the survival model multiple fractional polynomial transformations were selected for age, f-Hb and platelet count, with MCV included as a linear variable and sex as a binary variable. Haemoglobin was not selected. At a CRC risk threshold of 0.6% (equivalent to f-Hb=10 µgHb/g (µg/g)) overall performance of the validated model across age strata using Harrell’s C index was ≥ 0.91% (overall C-statistic 93%, 95% CI 92%-95%) with acceptable calibration. Using this model would yield similar numbers of detected and missed cancers but require 20% fewer investigations than a f-Hb ≥10 µg/g strategy. For approximately 100,000 people per year with symptoms of suspected CRC, we predict it might save >10,000 colonoscopies with no evidence that more cancers would be missed if we used our model to triage investigations compared to using FIT at the currently recommend level for referral.ConclusionsIncluding age, sex, MCV, platelets and f-Hb in a survival analysis model to predict the risk of CRC yields greater diagnostic utility than a simple binary cut off f-Hb≥10 µg/g. Enacting model-based triage of a symptomatic CRC pathway may decrease the burden on endoscopy whilst maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Further targeted validation of this approach is required in external populations with symptoms of possible CRC.Transparency statementThe lead author and manuscript’s guarantor (CJC) affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate and transparent account of the study being reported; than no important aspects of the study have been omitted: and that any discrepancies from the study as originally planned have been explained.Role of the funding sourceThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) [Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (Project number 133852); awarded to CJR, WH & LS] and will be published in full in the HTA journal. Further information is available at: [https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR133852]. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or Department of Health and Social Care and sponsored by Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. The funder and sponsor had no role in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. We confirm the independence of researchers from funders and that all authors, external and internal, had full access to all of the statistical reports and tables in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. SERB was supported by an NIHR Advanced Fellowship while undertaking this work (NIHR301666) and received additional support from the Higgins family. BDN was supported by a National Institute of Health Research Academic Clinical Lectureship and a CRUK Research Careers Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship (RCCPDF\100005).Ethics approval statementHRA and Health and Care Research Wales (HCRW) approval was given for this study - IRAS project ID: 312362; Protocol number: 22ON007; REC reference: 22/HRA/2125; Sponsor: Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COLOFIT: Development and internal-external validation of models using age, sex, faecal immunochemical and blood tests to optimise diagnosis of colorectal cancer in symptomatic patients

Crooks,

West,

Jones

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…FIT is more sensitive than gFOBT in detecting precancerous lesions and cancer, leading to a strong recommendation for prioritizing FIT over gFOBT [2][3][4][5]. Although FIT is currently the non-invasive test of choice, variability in cutoff levels for positive results leads to inconsistencies in diagnosis and complicates the establishment of a clinical standard [6,7]. Additionally, FIT is not perfectly sensitive, especially in detecting adenomas [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath Fingerprint of Colorectal Cancer Patients Based on the Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Kononova,

Mežmale,

Poļaka

et al. 2024

IJMS

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The human body emits a multitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via tissues and various bodily fluids or exhaled breath. These compounds collectively create a distinctive chemical profile, which can potentially be employed to identify changes in human metabolism associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and, consequently, facilitate the diagnosis of this disease. The main goal of this study was to investigate and characterize the VOCs’ chemical patterns associated with the breath of CRC patients and controls and identify potential expiratory markers of this disease. For this purpose, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied. Collectively, 1656 distinct compounds were identified in the breath samples provided by 152 subjects. Twenty-two statistically significant VOCs (p-xylene; hexanal; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; hexadecane; nonane; ethylbenzene; cyclohexanone; diethyl phthalate; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one; 2-butanone; benzaldehyde; dodecanal; benzothiazole; tetradecane; 1-dodecanol; 1-benzene; 3-methylcyclopentyl acetate; 1-nonene; toluene) were observed at higher concentrations in the exhaled breath of the CRC group. The elevated levels of these VOCs in CRC patients’ breath suggest the potential for these compounds to serve as biomarkers for CRC.

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Web Based Real Time Bowel Cancer Stage Suggestion Using CNN

Kandasamy.,

Aravind.,

Siva Ganesh.

et al. 2024

2024 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS)

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The performance of FIT-based and other risk prediction models for colorectal neoplasia in symptomatic patients: a systematic review

Cited by 5 publications

References 87 publications

COLOFIT: Development and internal-external validation of models using age, sex, faecal immunochemical and blood tests to optimise diagnosis of colorectal cancer in symptomatic patients

COLOFIT: Development and internal-external validation of models using age, sex, faecal immunochemical and blood tests to optimise diagnosis of colorectal cancer in symptomatic patients

Breath Fingerprint of Colorectal Cancer Patients Based on the Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Web Based Real Time Bowel Cancer Stage Suggestion Using CNN

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