The pathology of mycotoxins

Berry, C. L.

doi:10.1002/path.1711540405

Cited by 66 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Sterigmatocystin, a related dihydrofuran toxin, is a late metabolite in the aflatoxin pathway and is also produced as a final biosynthetic product by a number of species such as Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus nidulans. Sterigmatocystin is both mutagenic and tumorigenic but is less potent than aflatoxin (14). Analysis of the molecular genetics of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the genetically tractable species Aspergillus nidulans has provided a useful model system.…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins

2003

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Because of their pharmacological activity, some mycotoxins or mycotoxin derivatives have found use as antibiotics, growth promotants, and other kinds of drugs; still others have been implicated as chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on the most important ones associated with human and veterinary diseases, including aflatoxin, citrinin, ergot akaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone

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Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins

2003

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“…Although there have been many instances of associations between mycotoxins and human disease, both inside and outside the home environment, the evi dence remains circumstantial rather than direct, and while it is tempting to assume that mycotoxins are a cau sative factor, this temptation must, for the moment, be resisted [12]. Yet it is clear that the risks cannot be ignored, particularly in association with food contamina tion [18], though the toxic effects described above apply mostly to animals other than man (to date). Experimental evidence conclusively reveals that certain mycotoxins, particularly the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and some trichothecenes, play a role in immunosuppression in domesti cated and laboratory animals and therefore, by implica tion, in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Presence of Mycotoxin-Associated Fungal Spores Isolated from the Indoor Air of the Damp Domestic Environment and Cytotoxic to Human Cell Lines

Lewis¹,

Smith²,

Anderson³

et al. 1994

Indoor Built Environ

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One hundred and fifty-two fungal isolates from the air spores of 503 damp, mouldy dwellings in Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland, were screened for cytotoxicity against the human embryonic diploid fibroblast lung cell line, MRC-5 (ATTC No. CCL171). At least 37% of the isolates, principally of the genus Pénicillium, showed toxicity to the cells when subjected to the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay following a water extraction procedure. When spores of 23 of the isolates were subjected to extraction with the organic solvent dimethyl sulphoxide, an additional level of cytotoxicity was observed separate from the water extraction methods. Many mycotoxins are known to be sparingly soluble in water. When some of these isolate extracts were exposed to human Chang liver cells (ATCC No. CCL13) and to human normal sternal bone marrow cells, (Detroit 98, ATCC No. CCL18), some additional cytotoxicity was observed. A comparison was also made, in some cases, between results obtained in the MTT and neutral red assays. Organisms exhibiting the greatest cytotoxicity included Pénicillium viridicatum, P. expansum, P. chrysogenum, P. commune and Aspergillus fumigatus.

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“…Mycotoxins are "natural products produced by fungi that evoke a toxic response when introduced in low concentrations to higher vertebrates by a natural route" (J. W. Bennett, Editorial, Mycopathologia 100: [3][4][5]1987). These compounds can cause a wide range of acute and chronic systemic effects in humans and animals that cannot be attributed to fungal growth within the host or allergic reactions to foreign proteins (22).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Crude Building Materials from Water-Damaged Buildings

Tuomi

Reijula

Johnsson

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

210

113

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We analyzed 79 bulk samples of moldy interior finishes from Finnish buildings with moisture problems for 17 mycotoxins, as well as for fungi that could be isolated using one medium and one set of growth conditions. We found the aflatoxin precursor, sterigmatocystin, in 24% of the samples and trichothecenes in 19% of the samples. Trichothecenes found included satratoxin G or H in five samples; diacetoxyscirpenol in five samples; and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, verrucarol, or T-2-tetraol in an additional five samples. Citrinine was found in three samples. Aspergillus versicolor was present in most sterigmatocystin-containing samples, and Stachybotrys spp. were present in the samples where satratoxins were found. In many cases, however, the presence of fungi thought to produce the mycotoxins was not correlated with the presence of the expected compounds. However, when mycotoxins were found, some toxigenic fungi usually were present, even if the species originally responsible for producing the mycotoxin was not isolated. We conclude that the identification and enumeration of fungal species present in bulk materials are important to verify the severity of mold damage but that chemical analyses are necessary if the goal is to establish the presence of mycotoxins in moldy materials.

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The pathology of mycotoxins

Cited by 66 publications

References 32 publications

Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins

The Presence of Mycotoxin-Associated Fungal Spores Isolated from the Indoor Air of the Damp Domestic Environment and Cytotoxic to Human Cell Lines

Mycotoxins in Crude Building Materials from Water-Damaged Buildings

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