The Pathology of Chloroquine Retinopathy

Retinal disorders in northern Brazilian patients treated with chloroquine assessed by multifocal ERG

“…The fact that mainly central responses are affected suggests that the high cell density found in these retinal regions might make them more susceptible to neurotoxic agents such as chloroquine. The finding that chloroquine retinopathy may primarily involve photoreceptors but may spare ganglion cells and bipolar cells is in agreement with previous findings in humans and animals [37][38][39]. More recent studies have indicated that a dysfunction in the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA4 may be critical for retinal toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine [40].…”

Retinal disorders in northern Brazilian patients treated with chloroquine assessed by multifocal ERG

“…The fact that mainly central responses are affected suggests that the high cell density found in these retinal regions might make them more susceptible to neurotoxic agents such as chloroquine. The finding that chloroquine retinopathy may primarily involve photoreceptors but may spare ganglion cells and bipolar cells is in agreement with previous findings in humans and animals [37][38][39]. More recent studies have indicated that a dysfunction in the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA4 may be critical for retinal toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine [40].…”

Retinotoxicity of Hydroxychloroquine: Is It Possible to Demonstrate by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Before Development? A Cross Sectional Investigation

“…10,16,18 Our findings were consistent with these implications. It is known that the parafoveal and perifoveal layers are preferentially involved by anti-malarial-induced retinotoxicity than the foveal layer.…”

Profiles of serum proteins and free amino acids associated with chloroquine retinopathy

“…Chloroquine was found to act on the retina in a generalized toxic fashion, initially affecting the pigment epithelium and photoreceptors and later involving the remaining neuroretinal layers which accords with the previous reports by Bernstein & Ginsberg (1964), Monahen & Horns (1964) and Wetterholm & Winter (1964).…”

Retinal disorders in northern Brazilian patients treated with chloroquine assessed by multifocal ERG

“…The fact that mainly central responses are affected suggests that the high cell density found in these retinal regions might make them more susceptible to neurotoxic agents such as chloroquine. The finding that chloroquine retinopathy may primarily involve photoreceptors but may spare ganglion cells and bipolar cells is in agreement with previous findings in humans and animals [37][38][39]. More recent studies have indicated that a dysfunction in the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA4 may be critical for retinal toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine [40].…”

Retinotoxicity of Hydroxychloroquine: Is It Possible to Demonstrate by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Before Development? A Cross Sectional Investigation

“…10,16,18 Our findings were consistent with these implications. It is known that the parafoveal and perifoveal layers are preferentially involved by anti-malarial-induced retinotoxicity than the foveal layer.…”

Profiles of serum proteins and free amino acids associated with chloroquine retinopathy

“…Chloroquine was found to act on the retina in a generalized toxic fashion, initially affecting the pigment epithelium and photoreceptors and later involving the remaining neuroretinal layers which accords with the previous reports by Bernstein & Ginsberg (1964), Monahen & Horns (1964) and Wetterholm & Winter (1964).…”

Retinal disorders in northern Brazilian patients treated with chloroquine assessed by multifocal ERG

“…The fact that mainly central responses are affected suggests that the high cell density found in these retinal regions might make them more susceptible to neurotoxic agents such as chloroquine. The finding that chloroquine retinopathy may primarily involve photoreceptors but may spare ganglion cells and bipolar cells is in agreement with previous findings in humans and animals [37][38][39]. More recent studies have indicated that a dysfunction in the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA4 may be critical for retinal toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine [40].…”

Retinotoxicity of Hydroxychloroquine: Is It Possible to Demonstrate by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Before Development? A Cross Sectional Investigation

“…10,16,18 Our findings were consistent with these implications. It is known that the parafoveal and perifoveal layers are preferentially involved by anti-malarial-induced retinotoxicity than the foveal layer.…”

Profiles of serum proteins and free amino acids associated with chloroquine retinopathy

“…Chloroquine was found to act on the retina in a generalized toxic fashion, initially affecting the pigment epithelium and photoreceptors and later involving the remaining neuroretinal layers which accords with the previous reports by Bernstein & Ginsberg (1964), Monahen & Horns (1964) and Wetterholm & Winter (1964).…”