The outward spiral: a vicious cycle model of obesity and cognitive dysfunction

Hargrave, Sara L.; Jones, Sabrina; Davidson, Terry L.

doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.12.001

Cited by 68 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Importantly, impairments in hippocampal function and the emergence of hippocampal pathophysiology have also been linked to consumption of WD. Rats that become obese when maintained on WD exhibit impaired performance on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks, hippocampal inflammation, reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and compromised hippocampal blood-brain barrier integrity (see [44, 45]). Furthermore, several reports indicate that maintaining rats on this type of diet attenuates satiety signaling by CCK-8 (e.g., [46, 47]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Western diet and the weakening of the interoceptive stimulus control of appetitive behavior

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Jones

Hargrave

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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In obesogenic environments food-related external cues are thought to overwhelm internal cues that normally regulate energy intake. We investigated how this shift from external to internal stimulus control might occur. Experiment 1 showed that rats could use stimuli arising from 0 and 4h food deprivation to predict sucrose delivery. Experiment 2 then examined (a) the ability of these deprivation cues to compete with external cues and (b) how consuming a Western-style diet (WD) affects that competition. Rats were trained to use both their deprivation cues and external cues as compound discriminative stimuli. Half of the rats were then placed on WD while the others remained on chow, and external cues were removed to assess learning about deprivation state cues. When tested with external cues removed, chow-fed rats continued to discriminate using only deprivation cues, while WD-fed rats did not. The WD-fed group performed similarly to control groups trained with a noncontingent relationship between deprivation cues and sucrose reinforcement. Previous studies provided evidence that discrimination based on interoceptive deprivation cues depends on the hippocampus and that WD intake could interfere with hippocampal functioning. A third experiment assessed the effects of neurotoxic hippocampal lesions on weight gain and on sensitivity to the appetite-suppressing effects of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Relative to controls, hippocampal-lesioned rats gained more weight and showed reduced sensitivity to a 1.0 ug but not 2.0 or 4.0 ug CCK doses. These findings suggest that WD intake reduces utilization of interoceptive energy state signals to regulate appetitive behavior via a mechanism that involves the hippocampus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Western diet and the weakening of the interoceptive stimulus control of appetitive behavior

Sample

Jones

Hargrave

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Third, the consumption of a Western diet leads to a decrease in GABA levels in the hippocampus, which may disturb inhibitory processes involved in food intake [141]. Kanoski & Davidson [77] took this argument further in suggesting a "vicious circle" where the more the Western diet is consumed, the more impaired the hippocampus functioning is, and consequently, the more inhibition deficits occur, leading to even more consumption of Western-diet food (see also [51]). Impaired inhibition in overweight and obese individuals is hypothesized to affect food intake (e.g., [49]).…”

Section: Hippocampus and Inhibitory Processes Related To Food Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation

Coppin

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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• The amygdala and hippocampus play a major role in food intake and weight regulation.• These functions are far less known to cognitive and affective scientists.• This review uniquely expands on the interactions between these two brain structures. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures -the amygdalae and the hippocampi -have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.

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“…Although the hypothalamus and hindbrain are identified as key neural structures in eating (11–13), other less studied higher order brain regions, such as the hippocampus, are also considered crucial to the initiation and termination of eating (11, 14). The hippocampus plays an important role in food intake regulation by detecting learned signals which are paired with eating and the consequences of eating (11, 15–17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal atrophy and altered brain responses to pleasant tastes among obese compared with healthy weight children

Mestre¹,

Bischoff‐Grethe

Eichen

et al. 2017

Int J Obes

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Objective The hippocampus is a key structure implicated in food motivation and intake. Research has shown that the hippocampus is vulnerable to the consumption of a western diet (i.e., high saturated fat and simple carbohydates). Studies of patients with obesity (OB), compared to healthy weight (HW), show changes in hippocampal volume and response to food cues. Moreover, evidence suggests that OB children, relative to HW, have greater hippocampal response to taste. However, no study has examined the association of hippocampal volume with taste functioning in children. We hypothesized that OB children, relative to HW, would show a significant reduction in hippocampal volume and that decreased volume would be significantly associated with greater activation to taste. Finally, we explored whether hippocampal activation would be associated with measures on eating and eating habits. Subjects Twenty-five 8–12 year old children (i.e., 13 HW, 12 OB) completed a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan while participating in a taste paradigm (i.e., 1mL of 10% sucrose or ionic water delivered pseudorandomly every 20 seconds). Results Children with OB, relative to HW, showed reduced left hippocampal volume (t=1.994, p=0.03, 95%CI=−40.23,755.42), and greater response to taste in three clusters within the left hippocampus (z=3.3, p=0.001, 95%CI=−0.241, −0.041; z=3.3, p=0.001, 95%CI=−0.2711, −0.0469; z=2.7, p=0.007, 95%CI= −0.6032, −0.0268). Activation within the hippocampus was associated with eating in the absence of hunger (EAH%; t = 2.408, p=0.025, 95%CI= 1.751708, 23.94109) and two subscales on a measure of eating behaviors (Food responsiveness, t = 2.572, p=0.017, 95%CI= 0.9565195, 9.043440; Food enjoyment, t = 2.298, p= 0.032, 95%CI= 0.2256749, 4.531298). Conclusion As hypothesized, OB children, relative to HW, had significantly reduced hippocampal volume, and greater hippocampal activation to taste. Moreover, hippocampal activation was associated with measures of eating. These results contribute to research on the relationship between obesity, overeating and cognitive impairment.

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The outward spiral: a vicious cycle model of obesity and cognitive dysfunction

Cited by 68 publications

References 74 publications

Western diet and the weakening of the interoceptive stimulus control of appetitive behavior

Western diet and the weakening of the interoceptive stimulus control of appetitive behavior

The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation

Hippocampal atrophy and altered brain responses to pleasant tastes among obese compared with healthy weight children

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