The origin, progress, and application of cell‐based cardiac regeneration therapy

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a severe threat to human health, with morbidity and mortality increasing yearly and gradually becoming younger. When the disease progresses to the middle and late stages, the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes is irreparable to the body itself, and clinical drug therapy and mechanical support therapy cannot reverse the development of the disease. To explore the source of regenerated myocardium in model animals with the ability of heart regeneration through lineage tracing and other methods, and develop a new alternative therapy for CVDs, namely cell therapy. It directly compensates for cardiomyocyte proliferation through adult stem cell differentiation or cell reprogramming, which indirectly promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation through non‐cardiomyocyte paracrine, to play a role in heart repair and regeneration. This review comprehensively summarizes the origin of newly generated cardiomyocytes, the research progress of cardiac regeneration based on cell therapy, the opportunity and development of cardiac regeneration in the context of bioengineering, and the clinical application of cell therapy in ischemic diseases.

Stem Cell Therapy against Ischemic Heart Disease

“…Nevertheless, a tangible clinical association of heart self-renewal with cardiac stem cells or EPCs has not been identified [99,100]. Therefore, despite the probable presence of a physiologic cardiac stem cell repair mechanism, the clinical significance of such a natural endogenous restorative capacity of the heart remains questionable [17,18]. rather than the differentiation of progenitor cells, is the main source of cardiomyocyte renewal [98,99].…”

“…Nevertheless, a study later demonstrated that these EPCs may originate from a niche in the vessel wall rather than from the bone marrow [16]. Although such endogenous restorative mechanisms, as well as current medical and mechanical therapeutic approaches, may decelerate disease progression, they cannot reverse its pathological changes [17,18]. Therefore, the idea that stem cells with regenerative potential may be utilized for treating cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure has sparked great interest in their potential clinical applications [19][20][21].…”