The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 1. The metabolism of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic and non-phenolic aromatic acids to benzoic acid

Martin, A. K.

doi:10.1079/bjn19820019

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…4c and d, with urines from the slaughtered animals containing lower amounts of hippuric acid and creatinine and higher amounts of phenylacetylglycine and p-cresol sulfate. Hippuric acid and phenylacetylglycine are glycine conjugates produced by the rumen microbiotic flora that display different concentration profiles depending on time since feeding (Martin 1982). Hence, the observed clustering is probably an effect of the practice of not feeding the animals on the morning before slaughter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…At the vertex of the V-shaped trajectory, representing 6-month-old animals around puberty and at the termination of the differential postnatal feeding treatment, components related to ruminant microbiotic flora (Martin 1982), such as hippuric acid, phenylacetylglycine, and other aromatic compounds, start to appear albeit still at low levels. The aromatic constituents subsequently increase as the V-shaped trajectory reaches the opposite endpoint in the early adulthood at the age of 19 and 24 months, during which period all the animals were fed the same and exclusively grass-based diet.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic trajectories based on 1H NMR spectra of urines from sheep exposed to nutritional challenges during prenatal and early postnatal life

2010

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1 H NMR metabolic profiles of urine from sheep exposed to prenatal nutritional restriction (n = 19) and a control group with normal prenatal nutritional requirements (n = 19), followed by either conventional (n = 10 ? 10) or high carbohydrate high fat postnatal diet (n = 9 ? 9), were studied. Urine was sampled from 2, 6, 19 and 24-month-old animals receiving differential dietary treatments during the first 6 months and the same normal diet later. Principal component analysis of 1 H NMR spectra (n = 164) showed a V-shaped metabolic trajectory as a function of age and diet, starting with urines with a high amount of glucose, indicative of monogastric-like metabolism, and exhibiting concomitant increase of metabolites related to rumen microflora (mainly glycine conjugates of benzoic and phenylacetic acid) as the ruminal metabolism developed. Urines from young (2-month-old) animals exposed to prenatal undernutrition followed by normal postnatal diet showed metabolic patters that are ahead in time on the metabolic trajectory relative to the prenatal control group. No long-term effects of fetal undernutrition, alone or in combination with postnatal hypernutrition were observed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic trajectories based on 1H NMR spectra of urines from sheep exposed to nutritional challenges during prenatal and early postnatal life

2010

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“…The principal dietary precursors of benzoic acid are phenolic compounds that yield 3-phenylpropionic acid on microbial fermentation in the rumen (Martin, 1982). The urinary concentration of hippuric acid varies between 0.37 and 0.70 g N/l (Table 1).…”

Section: Urea In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

302

215

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Ruminant production contributes to emissions of nitrogen (N) to the environment, principally ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and di-nitrogen (N 2 ) to air, nitrate (NO 3 2 ) to groundwater and particulate N to surface waters. Variation in dietary N intake will particularly affect excretion of urinary N, which is much more vulnerable to losses than is faecal N. Our objective is to review dietary effects on the level and form of N excreted in cattle urine, as well as its consequences for emissions of N 2 O. The quantity of N excreted in urine varies widely. Urinary N excretion, in particular that of urea N, is decreased upon reduction of dietary N intake or an increase in the supply of energy to the rumen microorganisms and to the host animal itself. Most of the N in urine (from 50% to well over 90%) is present in the form of urea. Other nitrogenous components include purine derivatives (PD), hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine. Excretion of PD is related to rumen microbial protein synthesis, and that of hippuric acid to dietary concentration of degradable phenolic acids. The N concentration of cattle urine ranges from 3 to 20 g/l. High-dietary mineral levels increase urine volume and lead to reduced urinary N concentration as well as reduced urea concentration in plasma and milk. In lactating dairy cattle, variation in urine volume affects the relationship between milk urea and urinary N excretion, which hampers the use of milk urea as an accurate indicator of urinary N excretion. Following its deposition in pastures or in animal houses, ubiquitous microorganisms in soil and waters transform urinary N components into ammonium (NH 4 1 ), and thereafter into NO 3 2 and ultimately in N 2 accompanied with the release of N 2 O. Urinary hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine decompose more slowly than urea. Hippuric acid may act as a natural inhibitor of N 2 O emissions, but inhibition conditions have not been defined properly yet. Environmental and soil conditions at the site of urine deposition or manure application strongly influence N 2 O release. Major dietary strategies to mitigating N 2 O emission from cattle operations include reducing dietary N content or increasing energy content, and increasing dietary mineral content to increase urine volume. For further reduction of N 2 O emission, an integrated animal nutrition and excreta management approach is required.Keywords: nitrogen, urine, cattle, nitrous oxide, mitigation ImplicationsCattle contribute to global warming through emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from urine and faeces. Urinary nitrogen (N) is much more susceptible to gaseous losses than faecal N. To reduce urinary N excretion and N 2 O emission and improve N efficiency of cattle, dietary levels of N should be decreased and an optimal balance between N and energy substrates in the diet should be aimed at. Increasing urine volume by increased dietary mineral contents appears a promising N 2 O mitigation strategy, particularly in pasture. Further reduction of effective mitigation strategies...

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“…When cinnamic acid was infused in the rumen or abomasum of ruminants, 70% was recovered in the urine as benzoic acid conjugates (Martin, 1982a). In the rumen, 3-phenylpropionic acid originated by microbial metabolism of hydroxycinnamic acids, is absorbed and oxidised in organism and eliminated as benzoic acid in urine (Martin, 1982b). Also in sheep, Pagella et al, 1997; showed that 3-phenylpropionic acid (oxidation product of the two CG 22 compounds 3-phenylpropanol and 3-phenylpropanal) infused in the rumen was excreted in the urine mainly as hippuric acid.…”

Section: Oxidative-and Phase II Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of aryl‐substituted primary alcohol, aldehyde, acid, ester and acetal derivatives belonging to chemical group 22 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Additives¹,

Rychen²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 18 compounds belonging to chemical group (CG) are safe at the proposed maximum dose level of 5 mg/kg complete feed for all target species except cats, for which 1 mg/kg is safe. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest proposed level in feeds. Irritation and sensitisation hazards for skin and irritation for eye are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Respiratory exposure may also be hazardous. For the majority of the compounds belonging to CG 22, the maximum proposed use levels are considered safe for the environment. For a-pentylcinnamaldehyde and a-hexylcinnamaldehyde, a use level up to 0.1 mg/kg feed would not cause a risk for the terrestrial and fresh water compartments. Because all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.

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The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 1. The metabolism of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic and non-phenolic aromatic acids to benzoic acid

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Metabolic trajectories based on 1H NMR spectra of urines from sheep exposed to nutritional challenges during prenatal and early postnatal life

Metabolic trajectories based on 1H NMR spectra of urines from sheep exposed to nutritional challenges during prenatal and early postnatal life

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Safety and efficacy of aryl‐substituted primary alcohol, aldehyde, acid, ester and acetal derivatives belonging to chemical group 22 when used as flavourings for all animal species

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