The optical floating zone technique: A review of experimental procedures with special reference to oxides

Koohpayeh, S. M.; Fort, D.; Abell, J.S.

doi:10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2008.06.001

Cited by 115 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…The steady lamp power during the growth therefore indicates an unchanging stoichiometry of the molten zone: the material leaving the molten zone (the grown crystal) is identical in composition to the material entering the molten zone (the stoichiometric feed rod). 40, 41 The quality and purity of this crystal were analyzed by Rietveld refinement to the XRD data. The lattice parameter does not change appreciably over the 40 mm length of the grown crystal: a =10.03066(6)Å at the start and 10.03104(2)Å at the end.…”

Section: B Single Crystalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of stoichiometry ofYb2Ti2O7on its physical properties

et al. 2017

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A series of Yb2+xTi2−xO 7−δ doped samples demonstrates the effects of off-stoichiometry on Yb2Ti2O7's structure, properties, and magnetic ground state via x-ray diffraction, specific heat, and magnetization measurements. A stoichiometric single crystal of Yb2Ti2O7 grown by the traveling solvent floating zone technique (solvent = 30 wt% rutile TiO2 and 70 wt% Yb2Ti2O7) is characterized and evaluated in light of this series. Our data shows that upon positive x doping, the cubic lattice parameter a increases and the Curie-Weiss temperature θCW decreases. Heat capacity measurements of stoichiometric Yb2Ti2O7 samples exhibit a sharp, first-order peak at T = 268(4) mK that is suppressed in magnitude and temperature in samples doped off ideal stoichiometry. The full entropy recovered per Yb ion is 5.7 J K −1 ≈ Rln2. Our work establishes the effects of doping on Yb2Ti2O7's physical properties, which provides further evidence indicating that previous crystals grown by the traditional floating zone method are doped off ideal stoichiometry. Additionally, we present how to grow high-quality colorless single crystals of Yb2Ti2O7 by the traveling solvent floating zone growth method.

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Section: B Single Crystalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of stoichiometry ofYb2Ti2O7on its physical properties

et al. 2017

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“…Although internal compositional homogeneity was achieved at the faster rotation rate of 12 rpm, it appears that some Pr rich phases were also pushed to the surface. Based on the fact that rotation has a complicated dynamic nature (involving heat transformation, motion and force in the region near to the liquid/solid interface where the crystal is grown [25]), it can be concluded that the slower rotation rates of 3 and 6 rpm provides efficient mixing, heating, and force in the molten zone that led to the formation of a more homogeneous microstructure. However, using a higher rotation rate of 12 rpm (which enhances forced convection in the molten zone) affects the phase distribution at the liquid/solid interface in such a way that some of Pr rich phases move toward the edge or surface of the crystal (as shown in the top right of Fig.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, floating zone crystal growth and characterization of the quantum spin ice Pr2Zr2O7 pyrochlore

Koohpayeh

Wen

Trump

et al. 2014

Journal of Crystal Growth

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Pyrochlore Pr 3+ 2+x Zr 4+ 2-x O 7-x/2 samples in the form of both powders (-0.02≤x≤0.02) and bulk single crystals have been studied to elucidate the dependence of their magnetic, compositional and structural properties on synthesis and growth conditions. All samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, specific heat, and DC magnetization measurements. The crystals were also studied using the X-ray Laue technique and scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the Pr content for the Pr 2+x Zr 2-x O 7-x/2 powders enlarged the lattice parameter, and resulted in systematic changes in magnetic susceptibility and specific heat.Stoichiometric and high quality single crystals of Pr 2 Zr 2 O 7 were grown using the optical floating zone technique under a high purity static argon atmosphere, to avoid inclusions of Pr 4+ and limit Pr vaporization. Increasing the growth speed was found to significantly reduce Pr vaporization for better control of stoichiometry. Scanning electron microscopy provided direct evidence of spinodal decomposition during growth that is controllable via rotation rate. An intermediate rotation rate of 3-6 rpm was found to produce the best microstructure. The magnetic susceptibility of crystals grown at rates from

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“…The desired single crystal grows by controlled solidifying of molten above the single crystal used as a seed while both are pulling downward from heating zone 24 . Our single crystals were grown at normal atmosphere using 8 mm/h growth rate, 35 rpm in clockwise, and 5 rpm in counterclockwise rotations for feed rod and seed.…”

Section: Crystal Growth and Samples Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Vacancy Doping in SrTiO3 Studied by in situ Electrical Resistivity

et al. 2018

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The kinetics of annealing to transform stoichiometric SrTiO 3 insulator into a vacancy-doped semiconductor-superconductor was revisited by in situ electrical resistivity measurements. SrTiO 3 single crystals were grown by Floating Zone Method. Using a homemade apparatus several electrical resistivity as a function of time were measured at different temperatures, which allows one to study the creation of vacancies during annealing under vacuum. The activation energy for the oxygen vacancies formation/charge doping in SrTiO 3 was estimated as 1.4±0.3 eV using solid-state kinetics approach.

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The optical floating zone technique: A review of experimental procedures with special reference to oxides

Cited by 115 publications

References 187 publications

Impact of stoichiometry ofYb2Ti2O7on its physical properties

Impact of stoichiometry ofYb2Ti2O7on its physical properties

Synthesis, floating zone crystal growth and characterization of the quantum spin ice Pr2Zr2O7 pyrochlore

Kinetics of Vacancy Doping in SrTiO3 Studied by in situ Electrical Resistivity

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