The Ophthalmopathy of Graves' Disease

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy

“…extraocular muscle and soft tissue fibrosis) (3,4). This is the first observation of this kind to our knowledge.…”

“…Recently, Kuroki et al. However, these specific antibodies are probably not pathogenetic (3,4,48). Antibodies against eye muscle antigens (43-45) and against retrobulbar fibroblast antigens (46, 47) have been reported.…”

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy

“…extraocular muscle and soft tissue fibrosis) (3,4). This is the first observation of this kind to our knowledge.…”

“…Recently, Kuroki et al. However, these specific antibodies are probably not pathogenetic (3,4,48). Antibodies against eye muscle antigens (43-45) and against retrobulbar fibroblast antigens (46, 47) have been reported.…”

Effect of Subtotal Thyroidectomy on Natural History of Ophthalmopathy in Graves’ Disease

“…Total thyroidectomy has been shown to benefit patients with progressive ophthalmopathy, although a few patients have progression of their ophthalmopathy despite thyroid ablation. Some patients with severe, unilateral thyroid orbitopathy have undergone thyroid and pituitary ablation and developed severe, contralateral eye involvement several years later [18]. In the case of radioactive therapy, exacerbation of Graves' ophthalmopathy is more likely after posttreatment hypothyroidism than euthyroidism [19].…”

Increased TRAb and/or Low Anti-TPO Titers at Diagnosis of Graves’ Disease are Associated with an Increased Risk of Developing Ophthalmopathy after Onset

“…In patients with Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), both the thyroid and orbital tissues are infi ltrated by immunocompetent cells. Virtually all patients with GD display retrobulbar morphological changes [ 1 ] . However, approximately one-third of GD patients are at risk of developing ophthalmopathy [ 2 ] .…”

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy

“…extraocular muscle and soft tissue fibrosis) (3,4). This is the first observation of this kind to our knowledge.…”

“…Recently, Kuroki et al. However, these specific antibodies are probably not pathogenetic (3,4,48). Antibodies against eye muscle antigens (43-45) and against retrobulbar fibroblast antigens (46, 47) have been reported.…”

Effect of Subtotal Thyroidectomy on Natural History of Ophthalmopathy in Graves’ Disease

“…Total thyroidectomy has been shown to benefit patients with progressive ophthalmopathy, although a few patients have progression of their ophthalmopathy despite thyroid ablation. Some patients with severe, unilateral thyroid orbitopathy have undergone thyroid and pituitary ablation and developed severe, contralateral eye involvement several years later [18]. In the case of radioactive therapy, exacerbation of Graves' ophthalmopathy is more likely after posttreatment hypothyroidism than euthyroidism [19].…”

Increased TRAb and/or Low Anti-TPO Titers at Diagnosis of Graves’ Disease are Associated with an Increased Risk of Developing Ophthalmopathy after Onset

“…In patients with Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), both the thyroid and orbital tissues are infi ltrated by immunocompetent cells. Virtually all patients with GD display retrobulbar morphological changes [ 1 ] . However, approximately one-third of GD patients are at risk of developing ophthalmopathy [ 2 ] .…”

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy

“…extraocular muscle and soft tissue fibrosis) (3,4). This is the first observation of this kind to our knowledge.…”

“…Recently, Kuroki et al. However, these specific antibodies are probably not pathogenetic (3,4,48). Antibodies against eye muscle antigens (43-45) and against retrobulbar fibroblast antigens (46, 47) have been reported.…”

Effect of Subtotal Thyroidectomy on Natural History of Ophthalmopathy in Graves’ Disease

“…Total thyroidectomy has been shown to benefit patients with progressive ophthalmopathy, although a few patients have progression of their ophthalmopathy despite thyroid ablation. Some patients with severe, unilateral thyroid orbitopathy have undergone thyroid and pituitary ablation and developed severe, contralateral eye involvement several years later [18]. In the case of radioactive therapy, exacerbation of Graves' ophthalmopathy is more likely after posttreatment hypothyroidism than euthyroidism [19].…”

Increased TRAb and/or Low Anti-TPO Titers at Diagnosis of Graves’ Disease are Associated with an Increased Risk of Developing Ophthalmopathy after Onset

“…In patients with Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), both the thyroid and orbital tissues are infi ltrated by immunocompetent cells. Virtually all patients with GD display retrobulbar morphological changes [ 1 ] . However, approximately one-third of GD patients are at risk of developing ophthalmopathy [ 2 ] .…”