The nitrogenous products of degradation—Ammonia, urea and uric acid—In the hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata

Alterations in the metabolism of nitrogenous products of Bulimulus tenuissimus (mollusca) in response to experimental infection with larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda)

“…shown that, although Livingstone and Zwaan (1983) point out that the energy metabolism of mollusks is based mainly on carbohydrates as substrates to obtain the energy necessary for their growth, development and maintenance of basal metabolism, we have observed that there are divergences in this aspect with regard to aquatic (freshwater) and terrestrial mollusks. In terrestrial mollusks, carbohydrate deposits are more significant in quantity than in aquatic mollusks, which indicates that in the latter, other substrates are used to a greater extent than in terrestrial mollusks under conditions of metabolic and physiological normality (Becker & Schmale, 1975).…”

Alterations in the metabolism of nitrogenous products of Bulimulus tenuissimus (mollusca) in response to experimental infection with larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda)

“…shown that, although Livingstone and Zwaan (1983) point out that the energy metabolism of mollusks is based mainly on carbohydrates as substrates to obtain the energy necessary for their growth, development and maintenance of basal metabolism, we have observed that there are divergences in this aspect with regard to aquatic (freshwater) and terrestrial mollusks. In terrestrial mollusks, carbohydrate deposits are more significant in quantity than in aquatic mollusks, which indicates that in the latter, other substrates are used to a greater extent than in terrestrial mollusks under conditions of metabolic and physiological normality (Becker & Schmale, 1975).…”

Biochemical profile of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)

“…However, changes are observed in the excretion pattern of snails exposed to adverse situations, such as infection by trematode larvae (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

“…Probably the increased concentration of nitrogenous products results from the increased catabolism of proteins to meet the infected snail's energetic requirements. As a consequence of this, the amino acids are deaminated and directed to glucose synthesis, with accumulation of detoxified nitrogenous products through the formation of uric acid and urea, whose concentrations increase in the hemolymph of infected snails (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

Aminotransferases activity in the hemolymph of Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda, Xanthonychidae) under starvation

“…Starvation and trematode infection caused quantitative and qualitative changes in protein and carbohydrate levels in snails (Becker & Schmale 1975, Becker & Hirtbach 1975, Schmale & Becker 1977, Stanilawsky & Becker 1979a. Pinheiro and Amato (1994) observed a marked reduction in the glycogen deposits of Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) infected with Eurytrema coelomaticum (Giard et Billet, 1892) Looss, 1907 larva.…”

Alterations in the metabolism of nitrogenous products of Bulimulus tenuissimus (mollusca) in response to experimental infection with larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda)

“…shown that, although Livingstone and Zwaan (1983) point out that the energy metabolism of mollusks is based mainly on carbohydrates as substrates to obtain the energy necessary for their growth, development and maintenance of basal metabolism, we have observed that there are divergences in this aspect with regard to aquatic (freshwater) and terrestrial mollusks. In terrestrial mollusks, carbohydrate deposits are more significant in quantity than in aquatic mollusks, which indicates that in the latter, other substrates are used to a greater extent than in terrestrial mollusks under conditions of metabolic and physiological normality (Becker & Schmale, 1975).…”

Biochemical profile of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)

“…However, changes are observed in the excretion pattern of snails exposed to adverse situations, such as infection by trematode larvae (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

“…Probably the increased concentration of nitrogenous products results from the increased catabolism of proteins to meet the infected snail's energetic requirements. As a consequence of this, the amino acids are deaminated and directed to glucose synthesis, with accumulation of detoxified nitrogenous products through the formation of uric acid and urea, whose concentrations increase in the hemolymph of infected snails (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

Aminotransferases activity in the hemolymph of Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda, Xanthonychidae) under starvation

“…Starvation and trematode infection caused quantitative and qualitative changes in protein and carbohydrate levels in snails (Becker & Schmale 1975, Becker & Hirtbach 1975, Schmale & Becker 1977, Stanilawsky & Becker 1979a. Pinheiro and Amato (1994) observed a marked reduction in the glycogen deposits of Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) infected with Eurytrema coelomaticum (Giard et Billet, 1892) Looss, 1907 larva.…”

Alterations in the metabolism of nitrogenous products of Bulimulus tenuissimus (mollusca) in response to experimental infection with larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda)

“…shown that, although Livingstone and Zwaan (1983) point out that the energy metabolism of mollusks is based mainly on carbohydrates as substrates to obtain the energy necessary for their growth, development and maintenance of basal metabolism, we have observed that there are divergences in this aspect with regard to aquatic (freshwater) and terrestrial mollusks. In terrestrial mollusks, carbohydrate deposits are more significant in quantity than in aquatic mollusks, which indicates that in the latter, other substrates are used to a greater extent than in terrestrial mollusks under conditions of metabolic and physiological normality (Becker & Schmale, 1975).…”

Biochemical profile of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)

“…However, changes are observed in the excretion pattern of snails exposed to adverse situations, such as infection by trematode larvae (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

“…Probably the increased concentration of nitrogenous products results from the increased catabolism of proteins to meet the infected snail's energetic requirements. As a consequence of this, the amino acids are deaminated and directed to glucose synthesis, with accumulation of detoxified nitrogenous products through the formation of uric acid and urea, whose concentrations increase in the hemolymph of infected snails (Becker and Schmale 1975;de Souza et al 2000).…”

Aminotransferases activity in the hemolymph of Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda, Xanthonychidae) under starvation

“…Starvation and trematode infection caused quantitative and qualitative changes in protein and carbohydrate levels in snails (Becker & Schmale 1975, Becker & Hirtbach 1975, Schmale & Becker 1977, Stanilawsky & Becker 1979a. Pinheiro and Amato (1994) observed a marked reduction in the glycogen deposits of Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) infected with Eurytrema coelomaticum (Giard et Billet, 1892) Looss, 1907 larva.…”