The Neurological Manifestations of Chronic Inhalation of Leaded Gasoline

Seshia, Shashi S.; Rajani, K; Boeckx, Roger L.; Chow, Peter

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15222.x

Cited by 64 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It is well-known that tremor is a common manifestation of exposure to several neurotoxins, including lead, pesticides, and harmane, and that this tremor can be disabling (Seshia et al 1978;Valpey et al 1978;Louis et al 2002;Louis et al 2006). The tremor may take on several forms, including tremors that occur while the arms are at rest and kinetic tremors, which occur while the arms are performing purposeful movements such as eating or writing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic tremor: Differences between smokers and non-smokers

Louis

2007

NeuroToxicology

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Tremor is among the acute effects of nicotine exposure. Published studies have focused on smokingrelated postural (static) hand tremor rather than kinetic tremor (tremor during hand use), and gender differences in smoking-related tremor have not been examined. In a group of adults who were sampled from a population (mean ± SD = 65.7 ± 11.5 years, range = 18 -92 years), the investigator assessed whether the severity of postural and kinetic tremors differed in smokers versus non-smokers, and whether this difference was influenced by gender. Twenty-seven (9.9%) of 273 subjects were current smokers. Greater tremor was observed in smokers than non-smokers during a variety of activities (drawing a spiral, using a spoon, finger-nose-finger maneuver, all p < 0.05) and smokers had a higher total tremor score than non-smokers (5.15 ± 3.06 vs. 3.41 ± 2.88, p < 0.01), even after adjusting for age, caffeine intake and other potential confounding factors. The difference between smokers and non-smokers in terms of hand tremor was more apparent in women than in men. In women, the number of cigarettes smoked on the day of testing was weakly correlated with the total tremor score (r = 0.17, p = 0.03). In summary, smokers had more kinetic hand tremor than nonsmokers. This difference between smokers and non-smokers was more apparent in women than in men. These results suggest that smoking habits should be considered carefully in order to avoid overor underestimating the effects of occupational and non-occupational exposures to other tremorproducing neurotoxins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic tremor: Differences between smokers and non-smokers

Louis

2007

NeuroToxicology

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“…Twelve case studies (Boeckx et al, 1977;Boor & Hurtig, 1977;Devathasan, Wan, Low, Wong, & Teoh, 1984;Edminster & Bayer, 1985;Ehyai & Freemon, 1983;Kamran & Bakshi, 1998;Keane, 1978;Kelly, 1975;Paulson & Waylonis, 1976;Rosenberg, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters et al, 1988;Tenenbein, deGroot, & Rajani, 1984;Valpey et al, 1978), seven clinical group reports (Comstock & Comstock, 1977;Fornazzari et al, 1983;Goodheart & Dunne, 1994;Hormes et al, 1986;King et al, 1981;Seshia et al, 1978;Streicher, Gabow, Moss, Kono, & Kaehny, 1981), and three case-control studies (Cairney et al, 2004c(Cairney et al, , 2005Maruff et al, 1998) were identified in the literature which suggested that recovery of neurological function may occur, beginning 1-2 weeks from cessation of VSM (see Table 2). Although significant recovery and normalization may be possible for some users, others experience residual or permanent neurological abnormalities that persist years after cessation and certainly with continued use (Boor & Hurtig, 1977;Cairney et al, 2004cCairney et al, , 2005Caldemeyer, Pascuzzi, Moran, & Smith, 1993;Devathasan et al, 1984;Edminster & Bayer, 1985;Ehyai & Freemon, 1983;Fornazzari et al, 1983;Goodheart & Dunne, 1994;Kamran & Bakshi, 1998;Keane, 1978;…”

Section: Recovery Of Neurological Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Neurologic signs associated with VSM include staggering gait, loss of coordination, visual deterioration, tremor, abnormal reflexes, hearing loss, involuntary movements, inarticulate speech, and loss of smell (Boeckx et al, 1977;Cairney et al, 2004aCairney et al, , 2004cCairney et al, , 2005Ehyai & Freemon, 1983;Feldman et al, 1999;Goodheart & Dunne, 1994;King et al, 1981;Maruff et al, 1998;McGrath, 1986). Twelve case studies (Boeckx et al, 1977;Boor & Hurtig, 1977;Devathasan, Wan, Low, Wong, & Teoh, 1984;Edminster & Bayer, 1985;Ehyai & Freemon, 1983;Kamran & Bakshi, 1998;Keane, 1978;Kelly, 1975;Paulson & Waylonis, 1976;Rosenberg, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters et al, 1988;Tenenbein, deGroot, & Rajani, 1984;Valpey et al, 1978), seven clinical group reports (Comstock & Comstock, 1977;Fornazzari et al, 1983;Goodheart & Dunne, 1994;Hormes et al, 1986;King et al, 1981;Seshia et al, 1978;Streicher, Gabow, Moss, Kono, & Kaehny, 1981), and three case-control studies (Cairney et al, 2004c(Cairney et al, , 2005Maruff et al, 1998) were identified in the literature which suggested that recovery of neurological function may occur, beginning 1-2 weeks from cessation of VSM (see Table 2). Although significant recovery and normalization may be possible for some users, others experience residual or permanent neurological abnormalities that persist years after cessation and certainly with continued use …”

Section: Recovery Of Neurological Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…VSM-induced encephalopathies, indicating more severe brain dysfunction, are reported with heavier VSM and characterized by neurological effects such as tremor, abnormal eye movements (e.g., nystagmus), lack of coordination (e.g., ataxia), and other cerebellar signs involving impaired or involuntary movements (e.g., myoclonus, chorea, hyperreflexia) (Cairney et al, 2004a;Cairney, Maruff, Burns, Currie, & Currie, 2004c;King, Day, Oliver, Lush, & Watson, 1981;Maruff et al, 1998). Lead encephalopathy arising from leaded petrol inhalation is additionally characterized by seizures or even death, and requires emergency and intensive hospital treatment (Boeckx, Posti, & Coodin, 1977;Cairney et al, 2004a;Coulehan et al, 1983;Goodheart & Dunne, 1994;Seshia, Rajani, Boeckx, & Chow, 1978). Treatment for these individuals involves chelation therapy to reduce symptom severity and blood lead levels by mobilizing inorganic lead for excretion, although residual neurological impairments may persist (Burns & Currie, 1995;Cairney et al, 2004a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery from Central Nervous System Changes Following Volatile Substance Misuse

Dingwall

Cairney

2011

Substance Use & Misuse

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This review examines cognitive, neurological, and neuroanatomical recovery associated with abstinence from volatile substance misuse (VSM). Articles describing functional or structural brain changes longitudinally or cross-sectional reports comparing current and abstinent users were identified and reviewed. A significant lack of empirical studies investigating central nervous system recovery following VSM was noted. The few case reports and group studies identified indicated that cognitive and neurological impairments appear to follow a progression of decline and progression of recovery model, with the severity of impairment related to the duration and severity of misuse, blood lead levels among leaded petrol misusers, and the duration of abstinence for recovery. By contrast, severe neurological impairment known as lead encephalopathy from sniffing leaded petrol occurred as more catastrophic or abrupt damage to cerebellar processes that may never fully recover. Neuroanatomical damage may not recover even with prolonged abstinence.

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“…Different components in petrol have been suggested to cause polyneuropathy, either tetraethyl lead [46], n-hexane [47][48][49][50] or maybe both [51] . Besides petrol and diesel exposure, 7 male cases and 4 referents added exposure to jet fuel and jet engine exhausts in the questionnaire with COR = 6.73 (95% CI = 1.54-33.21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Determinants of Cryptogenic Polyneuropathy

Tondel¹,

Lindh²,

Jonsson³

et al. 2006

Neuroepidemiology

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Objectives: The aim was to investigate different occupational and leisure time exposures as determinants for cryptogenic polyneuropathy. Methods: A case-referent study was conducted in Sweden including 232 cases of cryptogenic polyneuropathy 40–79 years of age at diagnosis who were enrolled from the out-patient neurology departments of 3 hospitals. From the population register 853 referents were randomly selected. Information on occupational and leisure time exposure was obtained from a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 71% for cases and for referents. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and logistic regression odds ratios (LORs) were calculated for exposures with 5 or more exposed cases and referents taken together. The reference category was defined as individuals unexposed to any of the occupational or leisure time risk factors in the questionnaire. Results: As expected, male sex and increasing age were significant determinants for cryptogenic polyneuropathy. Occupational exposures in men to Stoddard solvent, petrol exhausts, herbicides or hand and foot vibrations generated significantly increased CORs. LORs >3.50 were found in men for occupational exposure to sulphur dioxide, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, herbicides and in women for occupational exposure to lead, nitrous oxide and insecticides. Only solvent exposure in leisure time remained significant in the regression analysis indicating that not only occupational exposures were of importance. Interactions between occupational and leisure time exposure were seen for several agents. Conclusions: Several known determinants for polyneuropathy, from animal studies and case reports, were confirmed. New determinants were also indicated, i.e. sulphur dioxide, xylene and methyl ethyl ketone.

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The Neurological Manifestations of Chronic Inhalation of Leaded Gasoline

Cited by 64 publications

References 36 publications

Kinetic tremor: Differences between smokers and non-smokers

Kinetic tremor: Differences between smokers and non-smokers

Recovery from Central Nervous System Changes Following Volatile Substance Misuse

Occupational Determinants of Cryptogenic Polyneuropathy

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