The Nervous System Effects of Occupational Exposure on Workers in a South African Manganese Smelter

Myers, Jonathan E.; Thompson, Mary Lou; Ramushu, Suzan; Young, Taryn; Jeebhay, Mohamed F.; London, Leslie; Esswein, Eric J.; Renton, Kevin; Spies, Adri; Boulle, Andrew; Naik, Inakshi; Iregren, Anders; Rees, D.

doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00081-0

Cited by 98 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…97,98 Other studies of occupations in PD patients have found no evidence of an increased risk of PD among workers in metal processing plants, construction, machine-related occupations, and other technical workers, which would have included welders. 14,99 These negative findings are consistent with those of a previous study involving 489 mine workers with "medium and low occupational manganese exposures" 100 and 509 workers at a manganese smelter plant. 101 The studies by Racette and colleagues 18,19 highlight the pitfalls in accepting the notion that coexistence implies a cause-and-effect relationship.…”

Section: How Is the Diagnosis Of Manganese-induced Parkinsonism Confisupporting

confidence: 82%

“…14,99 These negative findings are consistent with those of a previous study involving 489 mine workers with "medium and low occupational manganese exposures" 100 and 509 workers at a manganese smelter plant. 101 The studies by Racette and colleagues 18,19 highlight the pitfalls in accepting the notion that coexistence implies a cause-and-effect relationship. This is exemplified by the case of a 48-year-old man who had welded 2 hours per day for 8 years, followed by 10 hours per day for 2 years.…”

Section: How Is the Diagnosis Of Manganese-induced Parkinsonism Confisupporting

confidence: 82%

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Searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and Parkinson’s disease

Jankovic

2005

Neurology

153

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Abstract-Research into the causes of Parkinson disease (PD) has accelerated recently with the discovery of novel gene mutations. The majority of PD cases, however, remain idiopathic and in those cases environmental causes should be considered. Several recent reports have focused on welding and manganese toxicity as potential risk factors for parkinsonism and some have even proposed that welding is a risk factor for PD. The controversy has stimulated this review, the primary aim of which is to critically and objectively examine the evidence or lack of evidence for a relationship among welding, manganese, parkinsonism, and PD. NEUROLOGY 2005;64:2021-2028 Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, affecting approximately 1 million Americans and 1 to 2% of those over age 60 worldwide.1-3 With the lifetime risk of 2% and an increasing incidence with age, coupled with aging of the population, the prevalence of PD is expected to triple over the next 50 years.Despite the growing number of newly identified genetic causes of parkinsonism, 4,5 in the majority of cases the cause is unknown, hence the enormous interest in the role of environmental factors in various parkinsonian disorders.6,7 While numerous toxins have been found to produce nigrostriatal degeneration in experimental animals, 8 there is no evidence that any environmental toxin causes PD. A variety of environmental and occupational exposures, however, have been implicated in the etiology of PD. These include exposure to well water, pesticides, herbicides, rural living, certain metals, fuel oil, magnetic fields, and employment in the steel/alloy industry, wood/pulp plants, farming, carpentry, cleaning, orchards, planer mill, forestry, logging, mining, as well as certain occupations such as body and fender repairmen, auto painters, railroad and car shop mechanics, and workers in oil and gas fields. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In the recent past, several reports have also suggested that welders may be at a higher risk for developing parkinsonism, and some have even proposed that welding is a risk factor for PD.18,19 These claims have entered the legal system and numerous lawsuits have been filed on behalf of welders alleging that toxic fumes generated by the welding rods have caused not only parkinsonism, but also PD. In this review, we intend to examine the evidence for and against a relationship among welding, manganese, parkinsonism, and PD.With the discovery of new causes of parkinsonism and with the recognition that the same etiology (e.g., a single gene mutation) can be associated with markedly diverse pathology, the traditional view that pathologic examination is the gold standard in the diagnosis of PD has been recently challenged. 20,21 In this review, unless a specific etiologic cause is identified, we will define PD based on clinical-pathologic criteria.22 This approach is supported by several studies demonstrating that when PD is diagnosed clinically by expert parkinsonologists, the autopsy confirms the diagn...

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Section: How Is the Diagnosis Of Manganese-induced Parkinsonism Confisupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: How Is the Diagnosis Of Manganese-induced Parkinsonism Confisupporting

confidence: 82%

Searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and Parkinson’s disease

Jankovic

2005

Neurology

153

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“…They have illustrated that determined pollution is compared to the predictions of the thermodynamic Gibbs Free Energy Minimization (GFEMN) and aerosol inorganics model (AIM), in order to estimate the contribution of particulate matters to water absorption [26]. A direct comparison with the obtained particulate matters model is possible for the GFEMN and AIM models that have served the purpose of calculating the amount of aerosol bound water based on the measured relative humidity and the particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) aerosol concentrations [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between airborne manganese concentration at the workstations in the iron foundry and manganese concentration in workers’ blood

Mirmohammadi¹,

Moghaddasi²,

Yazdani³

et al. 2017

Med Pr

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Background: Manganese (Mn) used as raw material for melting process in the ferrous foundry is considered as hazardous neurotoxic substance because it accumulates in the central nervous system and may cause neurological disorders. The furnace-men and melting department workers are potentially exposed to manganese particles or fume in the workplace. The objective of the research has been to investigate the sources and levels of manganese exposure in the foundry by correlation of blood-manganese (B-Mn) and air-manganese (air-Mn) measurement. Material and Methods: Air-Mn and Mn of blood serum were measured involving workers who worked in a big-sized foundry during 1 year. The standard method of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ID-121 was used for air and blood assessment and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was carried out for air and blood sample analysis. Results: The air sampling results have revealed that there is a high exposure to manganese (4.5 mg/m 3 ) in the workplace as compared to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) time weighted average (the reference time-weighted average (TWA) = 1 mg/m 3 ). The average blood serum Mn concentration was 2.745 μg/l for subjects working for shorter than 3 months and 274.85 μg/l for subjects working 3-12 months. Conclusions: Against the research hypothesis there was no correlation between the air-Mn concentration and the B-Mn (serum) level of manganese in the serum of the exposed subjects. It may be due to short time of air sampling of manganese airborne particles, and a real-time monitoring of airborne manganese particles is suggested for any future study. Med Pr 2017;68(4): [449][450][451][452][453][454][455][456][457][458]

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“…Manganism is mainly due to occupational exposure to manganese (Myers et al, 2003;Crossgrove and Zheng 2004;Bowler et al, 2006;Aschner et al, 2007). Currently, effective clinical treatment options are limited (Cook et al, 1974;Calne et al, 1994;Seaton et al, 1999;Ono et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Regional Pharmacokinetics ofp-Aminosalicylic Acid and Its N-Acetylated Metabolite: Effectiveness in Chelating Brain Manganese

Hong

Jiang²,

Pan³

et al. 2011

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS; 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid), an antituberculosis drug in use since the 1950s, has recently been suggested to be an effective agent for treatment of manganeseinduced parkinsonian disorders. However, the neuropharmacokinetics of PAS and its metabolite N-acetyl-para-aminosalicylic acid (AcPAS; N-acetyl-4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of PAS and its distribution in brain to help better design the dosing regimen for clinical trials. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received single femoral artery injections of PAS (200 mg/kg). Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissues were collected, and PAS and AcPAS concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. After administration, the concentrations of PAS declined rapidly in plasma with an elimination t 1/2 of 34 min; the metabolite AcPAS was detected in plasma and eliminated with a t 1/2 of 147 min. PAS and AcPAS were detected in brain tissues; AcPAS had a much higher tissue concentration and a longer t 1/2 than the parent PAS in most tissues examined. Although both were present in blood or tissues as free, unbound molecules, AcPAS appeared to have a higher tissue affinity than PAS. Taken together, our results suggest that a dosing regimen with continuous intravenous infusion of PAS is necessary to achieve therapeutic levels in targeted brain regions. Furthermore, PAS and AcPAS seem to be effective in reducing manganese levels in brain.

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The Nervous System Effects of Occupational Exposure on Workers in a South African Manganese Smelter

Cited by 98 publications

References 7 publications

Searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and Parkinson’s disease

Searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and Parkinson’s disease

Correlation between airborne manganese concentration at the workstations in the iron foundry and manganese concentration in workers’ blood

Brain Regional Pharmacokinetics ofp-Aminosalicylic Acid and Its N-Acetylated Metabolite: Effectiveness in Chelating Brain Manganese

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