The Nature of Hypnotic Analgesia and Placebo Response to Experimental Pain

McGlashan, Thomas H.; Evans, Frederick J.; Orne, Martin T.

doi:10.1097/00006842-196905000-00003

Cited by 263 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This supports the previous result according to which placebo and hypnosis are different processes of topdown regulation (McGlashan et al, 1969). However, the recent knowledge is insufficient to make assumptions on whether the state of hypnosis can be described as altered consciousness or are the results rather the manifestation of differences in treatment procedures between placebo and hypnosis.…”

Section: Conclusion Summarysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, the research of these two is often done in parallel and their neurobiological relation or even similarity is yet unclear. So far the only known study conducted on both treatments has shown that highly hypnotizable individuals report feeling less pain during hypnosis than during placebo condition (McGlashan, Evans & Orne, 1969). This result implies that the effects of placebo and hypnosis are at least to some extent separate processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The brain activity of pain relief during hypnosis and placebo treatment

Kirjanen¹

2012

J Eur Psychol Students

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Placebo treatment and hypnosis are both examples of top-down regulation and are used to treat pain. However, it is unclear whether hypnosis produces anything more than a placebo effect when measuring brain activity changes. This literature review examines research articles published from 1997 onwards regarding the neurophysiology of pain relief during hypnosis or placebo treatments using functional brain imaging (fMRI or PET). The focus was on acute produced nociceptive pain. There seems to be both similarities and clear differences in the brain activity changes between hypnosis and placebo treatments. These results show thathypnosis is not equal to common placebo in terms of brain activity thus questioning the suggestion that the pain reducing properties of hypnosis are just one form of placebo effect.

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Section: Conclusion Summarysupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The brain activity of pain relief during hypnosis and placebo treatment

Kirjanen¹

2012

J Eur Psychol Students

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“…Indeed, both subjective anxiety (122,231,327) and anxiety-related brain activity (256) have been found to be reduced after placebo administration.…”

Section: B Expectations Of Therapeutic Benefit Play a Key Role In Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Benedetti

2013

Physiological Reviews

352

320

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Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can treat and prevent a number of diseases through pharmacology, genetics, and physical interventions. Besides this materia medica, the patient's mind, cognitions, and emotions play a central part as well in any therapeutic outcome, as investigated by disciplines such as psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology. This review describes recent findings that give scientific evidence to the old tenet that patients must be both cured and cared for. In fact, we are today in a good position to investigate complex psychological factors, like placebo effects and the doctor-patient relationship, by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach. These intricate psychological factors can be approached through biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology, thus eliminating the old dichotomy between biology and psychology. This is both a biomedical and a philosophical enterprise that is changing the way we approach and interpret medicine and human biology. In the first case, curing the disease only is not sufficient, and care of the patient is of tantamount importance. In the second case, the philosophical debate about the mind-body interaction can find some important answers in the study of placebo effects. Therefore, maybe paradoxically, the placebo effect and the doctor-patient relationship can be approached by using the same biochemical, cellular and physiological tools of the materia medica, which represents an epochal transition from general concepts such as suggestibility and power of mind to a true physiology of the doctor-patient interaction. I.WHAT I. WHAT IS A PLACEBO RESPONSE? A. Placebos Were Introduced to Validate the Efficacy of Medical TreatmentsAncient physicians have always used bizarre and odd treatments to cure their patients, with scarce, if any, knowledge of anatomy and physiology. As the anatomical and physiological details of both the animal and the human body started emerging, the need of a scientific explanation of many medical treatments became an imperative objective of physicians and the scientific community. An important historical period whereby scientific skepticism emerged about the efficacy of some medical remedies is approximately in the second half of 1700 and involved treatments like mesmerism, perkinism, and homeopathy (178).To take mesmerism as an example, this was introduced in the second half of 1700 by Franz Anton Mesmer, who claimed to have discovered a healing fluid which he called animal magnetism. To assess the very nature and the efficacy of mesmerism in treating many diseases and symptoms, Louis XVI appointed a commission that was headed by Benjamin Franklin. This commission performed what can be considered one of the first blind assessments and sham (placebo) interventions in the history of medicine. Some women were blindfolded and asked where the mesmeric energy was being applied. As reported by the members of the commission th...

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“…Highly hypnotizable research participants and patients are able to hallucinate the absence of pain to some degree, while the other two groups are not (cf. Karlin, Morgan, & Goldstein, 1980;McGlashen, Evans, & Orne, 1969;Raz, 2004). The changes associated with those with low hypnotizability scores (effect size about .5) and most of the effects for moderates (effect size of about .8) can be attributed to the non-specific effects of hypnosis.…”

Section: Hypnosis and The Evidence Base For Evidence-based Psychothementioning

confidence: 99%

Two Cases, One Good Therapist

Karlin

2006

Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy

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In my view, the most important similarity between Betty and Lawrence is that they had the same therapist, not that they had similar problems (Hamburg, 2006). This view raises several issues. First, are there any aspects of what Dr. Hamburg does that might be problematic for a less experienced and talented therapist. The one thing that clearly falls in this category is his use of the videotape metaphor for discovering memories during hypnotic age regression. This metaphor has created difficulties in the past and might best be avoided.Second, Dr. Hamburg seems to rely more on personally invented procedures and clinical lore than on manualized, evidence-based techniques. In this paper, the evidence base for evidence-based procedures is examined in terms of what we know about effect sizes from research on clinical hypnosis. I suggest that the evidence base for most evidence-based procedures is, at best, weak.Third, I speculate briefly about the effects of training clinical psychology graduate students in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) by having them serve as therapists in randomized control trials (RCTs). In contrast to my previously stated (relatively positive) views (Karlin, 2002), I suggest that such training may not aid them in becoming thoughtful, creative, flexible therapists like Dr. Hamburg.

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The Nature of Hypnotic Analgesia and Placebo Response to Experimental Pain

Cited by 263 publications

References 22 publications

The brain activity of pain relief during hypnosis and placebo treatment

The brain activity of pain relief during hypnosis and placebo treatment

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Two Cases, One Good Therapist

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