The Molecular Genetics of Lung Cancer

Carbone, David P.; Minna, John D.

doi:10.1002/9780470696330.ch4

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…A significant amount of evidence draws causal associations of cigarette smoke to this type of cancer. The carcinomas develop in the respiratory airways and alveoli of the lungs when cigarette smoke deposits the carcinogens during smoking inhalation (Samet 2001;Shames et al 2008). When the cancer cells grow, they produce the symptoms associated with the condition and eventually spread to other areas of the lung or surrounding body tissues creating more physiological damage (Samet 2001;Shames et al 2008).…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cells located within the lung airways of smokers show mutations causing them to become cancerous. The primary carcinogen in cigarettes, benzo(a)pyrene, binds to the p53 gene, which has been found to be mutated in smokers with lung cancer (Samet 2001;Shames et al 2008). Data has shown that there are specific differences in the patterns of mutations of smokers compared to nonsmokers (Samet 2001).…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have also found that the amount of cigarettes smoked per day and duration of smoking are associated with different lung cancer risks (Samet 2001). Specifically, higher doses and longer duration were associated with more aggressive forms of cancer and an earlier diagnosis than those who consume cigarettes on a less frequent basis (Shames et al 2008). Data also provides benefits of smoking cessation, with the risk considerably decreasing following smoking cessation.…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smokers who suffer from cardiovascular disease and are able to quit reduce their risk of suffering from recurrent myocardial infarction. Smoking cessation can result in a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, especially if one has not already acquired the disease, reduced risk of developing lung and other cancers, and a slower reduction in pulmonary function in general (Samet 2001;Groner et al 2011;Rezzani and Rodella 2012;Anzueto and Martinez 2009;Shames et al 2008). After a year of abstinence from smoking, an improvement in lung function is evident (Burns 2000) which can equate to a greater capacity and tolerance for exercise.…”

Section: Smoking Cessation and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking

Mills¹,

Villanueva²

2016

Encyclopedia of Geropsychology

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Smoking is the process by which an individual inhales the smoke of burning tobacco through cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Smoking can also occur by inhaling vapor infused with nicotine via electronic cigarettes. Individuals who engage in this behavior by inhaling smoke or vapor through the direct source are considered active smokers. Those who breathe in the residual fumes released by active smokers are passive smokers, also called secondhand smokers (Samet 2001; Groner et al. 2011). Smoking behaviors vary across cultures and age cohorts. It has come under much scrutiny over the decades with voluminous amounts of literature documenting its adverse effects. Chronic cigarette smoking is linked to several physical health conditions for the elderly, which impact longevity and quality of life (Samet 2001; Groner et al. 2011; Rezzani and Rodella 2012; Cataldo 2007; Jha et al. 2013). Additionally, this behavior is associated with diminished cognitive capabilities (Durazzo et al. 2010). These welldocumented disadvantages of smoking have paved the way for anti-smoking campaigns highlighting the short-and long-term health benefits of smoking cessation. Prevalence Rates of Older Adult Smokers Current data looking at age cohort tobacco usage show a gradual decline in the prevalence of cigarette smoking across age groups in the United States over the past few decades (US Department of Health and Human Services 1990). Little statistical data is available regarding the number of current older adult smokers. However, past data from the 1999 Surgeon General Report indicated 10.5 % men and 10.7 % women aged 65 and older were current smokers. This statistic has since dropped, and in 2001, the CDC reported approximately 8.8 % of older adults aged 64 and older are smokers. Another research indicates that smoking has declined for this population because of increased smoking cessation but also because of the relatively high mortality rates smokers experience versus never smokers (Burns 2000). However, this number has remained fairly consistent since then. In 2008, the American Lung Association reported

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