The Mode of Action of Antibacterial Agents

Hugo, W. B.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1967.tb00273.x

Cited by 123 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…From studies involving bacteria (e.g. Baker et al 194 1, Glassman 1948, Hugo 1967 it is known that ionic detergents cause the breakdown of various cellular enzyme systems and the disorganization of cell membranes. In the present study, changes to plasma membranes were common, but even in necrotic cells, membranes were not completely disrupted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a cationic detergent on the gills and blood chemistry of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Byrne¹,

Ferguson²

1989

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Rainbow trout 23 to 30cm in fork length were exposed to various concentrations (1 to 40ppm) of a cationic, quaternary ammonium compound, Zephiran. Three ppm was used as a reference value, as this level is recommended at the water hardness found in Southern Ontario (Canada). Gills were examined using light microscopy, scanning and transn~ission electron microscopy. Changes were observed in gills from fish exposed to all concentrations of Zephiran, becoming more severe as the concentration and/or number of exposures increased. Gills were severely spongiot~c and necrotic, and there was much lamellar fusion through apposition. Membrane vesiculation, hydropic degeneration, and exfoliation of lamellar and interlamellar epithelium were also present. Blood chemistry was examined following the second exposure of fish to 3 ppm Zephiran. Haematocrit, serum protein and serum albumin concentrations increased significantly, whereas sodium, chloride and magnesium concentrations decreased; phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels did not change significantly. It is suggested that fish became hypoxic as a result of damage to the gills and that this resulted in a respiratory acidosis causing loss of serum water to the hyperosmotic extravascular tissues. Sodium and chloride were probably lost to the surrounding water via diffusion through the damaged lamellar epithelium. The dramatic drop in sodium and chloride concentration corroborates the severity of lesions seen histologically and ultrastructurally following exposure to Zephiran. In conclusion, the use of Zephiran in the treatment of fish bacterial d~seases (e.g. bacterial gill disease) is not recommended in light of the severe changes which follow exposure to therapeutic concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a cationic detergent on the gills and blood chemistry of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Byrne¹,

Ferguson²

1989

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…The action of disinfectants on bacterial viability and structure has been established (Hugo, 1980). However, there have been fewer reports of the action of such agents on viruses and, in particular, of their effect on viral structure (Taylor, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Response of Human Rotavirus to Ultra-Violet Radiation, Heat and Disinfectants

Rodgers

Hufton

Kurzawska

et al. 1985

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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SUMMARY. The morphological damage induced in human rotavirus particles by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm increased progressively with length of treatment. Exposure of the virus in suspension to 9000 ergs/cm2/s was sufficient to remove the smooth capsid layer from 50% of particles after 1 min and from all the virions within 10 min. By this time, the number of stain-penetrated or empty particles increased markedly, along with the appearance of virus-derived debris in the form of disrupted and isolated capsomeres. After treatment for 120 min no intact virus particles were observed. The action of wet (100OC) or dry (60°C) heat resulted in changes similar to those effected by UV radiation, with a rapid loss of viral outer capsid shell from the virions followed by stain penetration and disintegration of particles. Sodium hypochlorite, cetrimide and 70% ethanol induced a rapid loss of the outer capsid layer, but, compared with UV radiation or heat, a slower increase in the number of stain-penetrated particles was noted. This was particularly evident with cetrimide. Chlorhexidine and phenol had effects on virus structure only after extended periods of exposure, whilst glutaraldehyde treatment had little influence on virus morphology. Glutaraldehyde 2% v/v would appear to be most suitable for the disinfection of rotavirus-containing electronmicroscope grids before their examination.

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“…In the case of CH, arrest of growth of E. coli occurring at the concentration of 1.2 Jlg/ml was associated with a slight leakage of cellular constituents.12) Longworth 13 ) proposed the model that in the action of CH, bacteriostasis can be induced by slight membrane damage and enzyme inhibition but bactericidal activity is attributable to precipitation of intracellular macromolecules. Hugo 14 ) pointed out that it is unlikely that leakage in itself is a rapid fatal process since this type of damage is often reparable. Cells of the bacterium could grow at the optimum concentration of each drug for the release ofUV-absorbing material when a nitrogen source, e.g., ammonium sulfate, was added to the cell suspension containing glucose and each drug, but they produced little APS.…”

Section: Release Of Uv-absorbing Materials From Cells Of the Bacteriummentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Production of Acidic Polysaccharide by Benzalkonium Chloride-resistant Bacterium (Enterobacterspecies) in the Presence of Hexachlorophen and Chlorhexidine

Nishkawa

1986

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

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The Mode of Action of Antibacterial Agents

Cited by 123 publications

References 117 publications

Effects of a cationic detergent on the gills and blood chemistry of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Effects of a cationic detergent on the gills and blood chemistry of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Morphological Response of Human Rotavirus to Ultra-Violet Radiation, Heat and Disinfectants

Induced Production of Acidic Polysaccharide by Benzalkonium Chloride-resistant Bacterium (Enterobacterspecies) in the Presence of Hexachlorophen and Chlorhexidine

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