The [Mo6Cl14]2− Cluster is Biologically Secure and Has Anti-Rotavirus Activity In Vitro

Abstract

The molybdenum cluster [Mo6Cl14]2− is a fluorescent component with potential for use in cell labelling and pharmacology. Biological safety and antiviral properties of the cluster are as yet unknown. Here, we show the effect of acute exposition of human cells and red blood cells to the molybdenum cluster and its interaction with proteins and antiviral activity in vitro. We measured cell viability of HepG2 and EA.hy926 cell lines exposed to increasing concentrations of the cluster (0.1 to 250 µM), by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Hemolysis and morphological alterations of red blood cells, obtained from healthy donors, exposed to the cluster (10 to 200 µM) at 37 °C were analyzed. Furthermore, quenching of tryptophan residues of albumin was performed. Finally, plaque formation by rotavirus SA11 in MA104 cells treated with the cluster (100 to 300 µM) were analyzed. We found that all doses of the cluster showed similar cell viability, hemolysis, and morphology values, compared to control. Quenching of tryptophan residues of albumin suggests a protein-cluster complex formation. Finally, the cluster showed antiviral activity at 300 µM. These results indicate that the cluster [Mo6Cl14]2− could be intravenously administered in animals at therapeutic doses for further in vivo studies and might be studied as an antiviral agent.

From Photoinduced to Dark Cytotoxicity through an Octahedral Cluster Hydrolysis

“…Octahedralm olybdenuma nd tungsten clusters of the general formula [{M 6 X 8 }L 6 ] n (whereM= Mo, W, X = Cl, Br or Ia nd La re apical organic or inorganic ligands) have becomeasubjecto f extensive studies after severale xceptionally good luminophores were discovered amongt hesec ompounds,i np articular those of molybdenum. [1] Thankst oi ntense emission in the red and near-infrared region of the spectrum and ac oncomitant ability to generates inglet oxygen,t hese compounds and the materials based on them were considered in ar ange of appli-cations including bioimaging, [2] photodynamic therapy, [2b,c, 3] antibacterial, [4] antiviral, [5] light emitting materials, [6] catalysis [7] and many others.…”

“…These data demonstrate that hydrolysed forms have higher dark cellular toxicityi nc omparison with the starting DMSO complexes. For comparison, IC 50 values for the only knownw ater-soluble molybdenum clusters, namely Na 2 [{Mo 6 I 8 }(NCS) 6 ]a nd Na 2 [{Mo 6 I 8 }(N 3 ) 6 ], studied in vitro HeLa and HEK 293T cells, werea bouto ne order of magnitude smaller.N otably,t he toxicityo fN a 2 [{Mo 6 I 8 }(NCS) 6 ]d emonstrated as imilarp attern as 2,t hat is, the toxicityo ft he solution increased with the incubation time:I C 50 for HeLa was 33 to 48 and 18 mm cells after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively.T he higher long-termt oxicityo fN a 2 [{Mo 6 I 8 }(NCS) 6 ]m ight also be associated with the increased toxicity of the partially hydrolysed species [{Mo 6 I 8 }(NCS) 5…”

Oral immunization with rotavirus VP7‑CTB fusion expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis�thaliana induces antigen‑specific IgA and IgG and passive protection in mice

“…To determine the neutralizing activity of anti-HRVVP7 antibodies in the serum samples, the best result (as described above) was mixed with 100 µl 200 PFU of SA11 virus (provided by Dr. Zhen Lang Sun, Central Hospital of Fengxian District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China) in a 1:1 volumetric ratio. Neutralization assays were performed in MA104 cells [originally thought to originate from Rhesus macaque and later corrected to originate from African green monkey ( 31 )], which are suitable for rotavirus research ( 32 , 33 ). The neutralized virus was subsequently added to the culture medium of MA104 cells and cultured at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.…”

Imogolite Synthetized in Presence of As(III) Induces Low Cell Toxicity and Hemolysis, in Vitro, Potential Stabilization of Arsenite Present in Aqueous Systems

“…(MTT) method was used as we previously described. 17 The absorbance of the dissolved formazan crystals was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader (Tecan infinite f50, Grodig, Austria).…”