The metabolism of carbamate pesticides — A literature analysis. Part I

Rice plant uptake of fresh and aged residues of carbofuran from soil

“…Sonobe et al (1983) reported angelic acid ester of 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran as the major metabolite of carbofuran in carrots and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol in potatoes. In addition, there are many investigations on the hydrolysis of the carbamate linkage of carbofuran and the metabolic pathways involving the oxidation of the position 3 carbon in plants (Knaak et al, 1970; Ashworth and Sheets, 1972; Schlagbauer and Schlagbauer, 1972) or on the oxidation of the position 3 carbon of the benzofuran ring (Fuhremann and Lichtenstein, 1980;Turner and Caro, 1973;Caro et al, 1973).…”

Detection and Quantification of Trace Levels of Carbaryl and Its Metabolites from Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann

“…The initial penetration of carbaryl into the beetle (18.29%, Table 3 footnote) was faster than that of boll weevil (5.5%; Andrawes and Dorough, 1967). The metabolism of carbaryl by the beetle is a complex process which produced many intermediate oxidative and hydrolytic products similar to other insects (Dorough and Casida, 1964; Andrawes and Dorough, 1967;Kuhr, 1970;Schlagbauer and Schlagbauer, 1972). Methylolcarbaryl was a major internal metabolite; this was also reported as a major metabolite of the chicken (Strait et al, 1991).…”

Bait crops and mesurol sprays to reduce bird damage to sprouting sugar beets

“…Thus, in spite of local differences, the ratio between survival rates of treated and control plots was similar in all four blocks (Table 3). [26] [281 [29] [3o] 1311 [33] …”

“…Ir is a contact and oral toxicant which has a broad spectrum of insecticidal and molluscal activity. The chemical and physical properties of the substance, as well as its toxicology and metabolism in birds and mammals, have been summarized in several publications (22,24,25,26,27,28,29). Mesurol causes temporary immobilization in birds, and can induce flock frightening responses when used at levels less than the LDso value (7,27,34).…”