The Melanogenesis-Inhibitory Effect and the Percutaneous Formulation of Ginsenoside Rb1

Background/Aims: Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) has been reported to have varieties of neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Rb1 on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced rat brain injury and Mg²⁺ free-induced neuron injury and analyzed the detailed molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Seizure duration and latency were measured in epilepsy kindled rat. The cognitive impairment was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Oxidative stress parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid methods and the DTNB-GSSG reductase recycling methods. Neuronal damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining. Neuronal apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions. Expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl-2, iNOS and LC3 were evaluated by western blot. Results: The PTZ-injured rats presented longer seizure duration and shorter seizure latency. Rb1 ameliorated these effects, as well as the cognitive deficits caused by PTZ exposure. Besides, Rb1 dose-dependently increased GSH levels, decreased MDA levels and alleviated neuronal damage in PTZ-treated rats. In vitro, Rb1 increased cell viability and decreased neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner under Mg²⁺ free condition. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro, Rb1 enhanced both the Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions. Furthermore, upregulation of the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulation of the expression of iNOS and LC3 were observed. However, knockdown of Nrf2 adversely affected the protective effects of Rb1 in epileptic hippocampal neurons. Conclusion: Rb1 conferred neuroprotective effects against PTZ-induced brain damage and Mg²⁺ free-induced neuron injury by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling.

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“…Meyer [8]. Rb1 has received much attention due to its biological functions, especially the various neuroprotective effects [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects the Brain from Damage Induced by Epileptic Seizure via Nrf2/ARE Signaling

Shi

Wang

Teng

et al. 2018

Cell Physiol Biochem

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“…To date, several reports shown that the anti-melanogenic effect of ginsenoside. 19,20) Our result showed that the strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC 50 =9.8 µM) with picrionoside A. However, tyrosinase activity in the melan-a cell showed the weak inhibition rate.…”

Section: Physical Properties and Nmr Data Of Picrionosidementioning

confidence: 70%

Antimelanogenic Effects of Picrionoside A Isolated from the Leaves of Korean Ginseng

Lee¹,

Jeong

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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This study was initiated to isolate active metabolites from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Among them, picrionoside A, a megastigmane glucoside, was isolated from the leaves of P. ginseng C. A. MEYER and its chemical structure was determined based on spectroscopic methods, including FAB-MS, one-dimensional (1D)-NMR, 2D-NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Picrionoside A from P. ginseng has not been investigated previously, and its biological or pharmaceutical activities have not been reported elsewhere. The IC 50 value of mushroom tyrosinase-inhibitory activity of picrionoside A was 9.8 µM, and the rate of inhibition of synthesized melanin content in melan-a cells was 17.1% at a concentration of 80 µM without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, picrionoside A dramatically reduced body pigmentation in the zebrafish model. Taken together, the results suggest that picrionoside A isolated from the leaves of P. ginseng may be an effective skin-whitening agent that could be a potent candidate material in the cosmetic industry. Key words Panax ginseng; picrionoside A; melanogenesis; tyrosinasePanax ginseng C. A. MEYER is a very famous traditional medicinal herbs and many studies have reported the chemical constituents of the root of P. ginseng. The more than 120 kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated and studies the various beneficial bioactive effects such as a immunomodulatory, nutritional fortification, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic as well as anti-oxidant activities. [1][2][3][4][5] Although the ginsenoside has a major compounds of P. ginseng and represents the most therapeutic values of P. ginseng, recent attentions are given into the other compounds such as a polysaccharide, phytosterols, peptides, polyacetylenes, fatty acid and polyacetylenic alcohol.

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“…Ginsenoside F1, a derivative of ginsenoside Rg1, has been found to be effective as skin whitening agent by suppressing tyrosinase (Yoo et al, 2011). In vitro studies of ginsenoside Rb1, an aglycone of ginsenoside Rh4, and ethanol extract of ginseng seed have also been shown to have skin whitening effect though inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin content (Lim et al, 1999;Jeong et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2014). However, no study has been made to evaluate the antimelanogenic activities of aqueous CRMG extract and ginsenoside Re.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Application of Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng (Panax Ginseng Meyer) and Ginsenoside Re as Safe Antimelanogenic Cosmeceutical Components

Pérez¹,

Kim²,

Castro-Aceituno³

et al. 2017

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med

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Background: Mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), which belongs to Araliaceae family, grows naturally in the mountains of Korea. It is highly valued owing to its enhanced pharmacology effects such as immunostimulating, antioxidant, anti-cancer and antiaging activity. An alternative to accessing the sparse mountain ginseng therapy benefits is by tissue-cultured roots of mountain ginseng. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of water extract of cultured roots of mountain ginseng (CRMG) and specifically its major compound ginsenoside Re (Re) on melanin synthesis in α-MSH-stimulated mouse melanoma B16BL6 cells (B16). Materials and Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was evaluated trough a comparative study using normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and B16. Then, α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells were analyzed, using melanin and tyrosinase activity assay. Tyrosinase gene expression was evaluated trough reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and quantitative PCR analysis. Finally, an in silico docking study was performed. Results: The study demonstrated that CRMG and Re were non-toxic compounds and significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16 cells. Re decreased the mRNA expression of tyrosinase and other melanin synthesisrelated genes in B16 cells. In addition, in silico docking studies showed that Re had stronger interaction with tyrosinase compared to control drug arbutin due to its higher binding affinity. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that CRMG and Re possess potential anti-melanogenic activities and may be used as antimelanogenic cosmeceutical agents.

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The Melanogenesis-Inhibitory Effect and the Percutaneous Formulation of Ginsenoside Rb1

Cited by 37 publications

References 34 publications

Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects the Brain from Damage Induced by Epileptic Seizure via Nrf2/ARE Signaling

Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects the Brain from Damage Induced by Epileptic Seizure via Nrf2/ARE Signaling

Antimelanogenic Effects of Picrionoside A Isolated from the Leaves of Korean Ginseng

Novel Application of Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng (Panax Ginseng Meyer) and Ginsenoside Re as Safe Antimelanogenic Cosmeceutical Components

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