The mechanisms of the formation of metal-containing nanoparticles

Engineered nanomaterials: From their properties and applications, to their toxicity towards marine bivalves in a changing environment

“…in the digestive glands of the scallop Chlamys varia at clean sites in the Bay of Biscay, and up to 10.85 µg/g in contaminated sites, confirming that bivalves can significantly accumulate and could likely be affected by this contaminant. Few studies were conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of CeO 2 NPs in aquatic organisms (Van Hoecke et al, 2009;Manier et al, 2011;Artells et al, 2013;Auffan et al, 2013Auffan et al, , 2014aBooth et al, 2015;Garaud et al, 2015;2016;Tella et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2017;Koehlé-Divo et al, 2018). Among them, results showed that CeO 2 NPs can act as ROS scavengers, thus protecting cells from oxidative injuries, mimicking the activity of the superoxide dismutase and catalase (Das et al, 2007;Korsvik et al, 2007;Pirmohamed et al, 2010;Ciofani et al, 2014).…”

“…Regarding metals and metals oxides NPs, particles can be formed by two or more metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, Zn, Ti, etc. ) which are combined with each other or bonded to metalloids (Irzhak, 2016).…”

Kinetic Features of Synthesis of Epoxy Nanocomposites

“…These methods of chemical reduction are the subject of most publications [83,87,[89][90][91][92][93]. Mechanisms controlling formation of metal-containing nanoparticles in situ are highlighted in the review [94].…”

“…The first stage is the slow nucleation of "kinetically efficient" clusters В from precursor А, and the second stage is the particle's fast growth reaction. In the original studies, in particular in [99] Studies of a wide range of systems show (see [94]) that the value depends on the number of catalytic active nuclei, namely, their ratio with increasing ratios k 2 A 0 /k 1 for practically unchanged diameters of the order of 2 nm. These factors-the medium, active additives, and temperature-make it possible to achieve the formation of an almost monodisperse distribution (width not exceeding 15%) of the nanoparticles with a size determined, as a rule, by a "magic number" (number of atoms in the outer filled nanoparticle shell: 13, 55, 147, 309, etc.…”

“…The decrease in D max in time means a drop in the total concentration of metallic silver, apparently due to its "dissolution." The relatively recent discovery of digestive ripening (DR), which represents the transfer of atoms from large metal nanoparticles to smaller ones [94,103], indicates the possibility of such a process.…”