The measurement properties of pediatric observational pain scales: A systematic review of reviews

Development and Validation of a New Method for Visual Acuity Assessment on Tablet in Pediatric Population: eMOVA Test

“…The distance was checked using a measurer and the examiner gave a score from 1 to 5 according to the same methods as for the previous criteria. The duration of the test was measured using a stopwatch and the di culty of the test was assessed using the FLACC scale ( Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability) (18)(19)(20).The duration of use of a tablet or smartphone by the child at home and the number of previous consultations were also collected.The study and data collection conformed to all local laws and were compliant with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Local institutional review board approved our study.…”

Çocuklarda Postoperatif Ağrı Yönetimi

“…Ağrı değerlendirmesi, ağrı tedavisinin yeterliliğini, analjezik veya analjezik doz değiĢikliklerinin gerekliliğini, ameliyat sonrası ağrı tedavi planında değiĢiklik ihtiyacını, ek müdahalelerin gerekli olup olmadığını belirlemeye yardımcı olur (7). YaĢ, kognitif bozukluk veya hastalıktan dolayı ağrılarını belirtemeyen çocuklarda ağrı değerlendirmesi zordur, ağrıyı ölçmek için güvenilir bir değerlendirme metodu yoktur ve ağrının tanınamama ve hafife alınma riski yüksektir (8,9). Vücutta yolunda gitmeyen olayların oluĢtuğunu haber vermesi nedeniyle ağrı, özellikle yakınmalarını tam olarak dile getiremeyen küçük çocuklarda oldukça önemlidir.…”

“…Vücutta yolunda gitmeyen olayların oluĢtuğunu haber vermesi nedeniyle ağrı, özellikle yakınmalarını tam olarak dile getiremeyen küçük çocuklarda oldukça önemlidir. Çocuklar tam ifade edemeseler bile bakıĢları ve tavırlarıyla ağrıyı belli ederler (9). Dört yaĢından itibaren çocuklar, ağrılarının nedeni, konumu ve doğası da dahil olmak üzere ağrı deneyimlerini sözlü olarak ifade edebilmektedirler (2).…”

Pain assessment practices in Swedish and Norwegian neonatal care units

“…Neonatal pain assessment as well as pain measurement scales for use in neonates and other non‐verbal populations is based on the assumption that behavioural and physiological indices are valid indicators of pain and that a qualified observer can infer pain based on observed responses . A multitude of neonatal scales have been published , and some of the best known are Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) , Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) , Crying, Requires oxygen, Increased vital signs, Expression, Sleeplessness (CRIES) , COMFORT /COMFORT behavioural scale /COMFORTneo , Neonatal Face Coding System (NFCS) and Echelle Douleur Inconfort Noveau‐Ne (EDIN) . Some of these scales have been more extensively validated than others , but there is no common consensus regarding which scales are preferable .…”

“…Some of these scales have been more extensively validated than others , but there is no common consensus regarding which scales are preferable . Although several scales have been recommended in published reviews, these recommendations had low evidence and should be interpreted with caution . Different biomarkers like cortisol and heart rate variability and neurophysiological indicators like EEG (electroencephalography), PET (position emission tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and NIRS (near‐infrared spectroscopy) have been evaluated as more objective alternatives to observation of pain‐related behaviour, but currently none may be considered an independent valid indicator of pain .…”