The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures

Abstract

The dimension of individualism‐collectivism, as identified by Hofstede (1980), was studied using items developed both theoretically and emically in nine diverse cultures. The dimension was found to be analysable into four stable etic factors: Individualism had two aspects (Separation from Ingroups and Self‐Reliance with Hedonism) and collectivism had two aspects (Family Integrity and Interdependence with Sociability). These four factors are orthogonal to each other. The location of nine cultures on these four factors was used to compute a “collectivism” score which correlated r = + · 73 with Hofstede's (1980) collectivism scores for the nine cultures. This approach enables the measurement of individualism‐collectivism in each culture as well as across cultures, and shows that different methods for measuring individualism‐collectivism converge.

An epidemiological study of hypertension and its determinants in a population in transition: the THUSA study

“…The following questionnaires were developed specifically for the THUSA study population, according to the abovementioned objectives: a demographic questionnaire (n = 1821), a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) and a food portion picture book 10 (n = 1821), and a physical activity questionnaire (n = 946) based on the Baecke scale. 11 Psychosocial variables were measured by adapted versions of the Strategic Approach to Coping Scale (SACS), 12 Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS), 13 Affectometer 2 (AFM), 14 Individualism-Collectivism Scale (I-C), 15 and African Acculturation Scale (AAS) based on the work of Landrine and Klonoff. 16 These tests were adapted for the Setswana population by Stapelberg and Wissing, 17 Wissing et al, 18 Moroeng and Wissing 19 and Choabi and Wissing.…”

Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research.

“…This was designed to tap cohesiveness of a respondent's friendship group and to obtain a measure of self-other similarity that was used to measure allocentrism in the past (Triandis et a!., 1986(Triandis et a!., , 1988. This asked a respondent to list five best friends and indicate whether they are friends to each other.…”

A quarter century of Culture's Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework

“…Ethnically diverse groups (i.e., those that were high, on average, in COL) behaved more cooperatively than all-Anglo groups (those that were low, on average, in COL), and that these differences tended to increase when situational cues favored cooperation. Of concern was the low reliability of their survey-based COL measure (a mixture of items from Triandis et al, 1986;Hui, 1988). Although Hofstede has offered a different set of dimensions for organizational, rather than national, culture (see Hofstede et al, 1990), two studies adapted his national culture framework for use at the organizational level.…”