The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion

Guertin, Pierre A.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002

Cited by 224 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…It is generally accepted that coordinated gait can only be generated when there is a functional connection between the CPGs of the individual limbs located in the lumbar and cervical spinal cord. [78][79][80][81] The recovery of FL-HL coordination in the PROG-treated rats indicated that communication between FL and HL CPGs has improved. Possible mechanisms underlying the recovery may be: (1) the preservation of descending brainstem systems, which are important in activation of CPG (rubro-, vestibulo-, reticuloraphe-and propiospinal tracts) 46,47,62,78 ; (2) the formation of new intraspinal circuits that might contact long propiospinal neurons bridging the lesion and arborizing on lumbar neurons 46,82 ; (3) neuroprotection and CPG plasticity.…”

Section: Prog Reduced Secondary Injury and White Matter Pathologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Progesterone Reduces Secondary Damage, Preserves White Matter, and Improves Locomotor Outcome after Spinal Cord Contusion

Garcı́a-Ovejero

GonzálezSusana²,

Paniagua-TorijaBeatriz³

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Progesterone is an anti-inflammatory and promyelinating agent after spinal cord injury, but its effectiveness on functional recovery is still controversial. In the current study, we tested the effects of chronic progesterone administration on tissue preservation and functional recovery in a clinically relevant model of spinal cord lesion (thoracic contusion). Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed that progesterone reduced both volume and rostrocaudal extension of the lesion at 60 days post-injury. In addition, progesterone increased the number of total mature oligodendrocytes, myelin basic protein immunoreactivity, and the number of axonal profiles at the epicenter of the lesion. Further, progesterone treatment significantly improved motor outcome as assessed using the Basso-Bresnahan-Beattie scale for locomotion and CatWalk gait analysis. These data suggest that progesterone could be considered a promising therapeutical candidate for spinal cord injury.

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Section: Prog Reduced Secondary Injury and White Matter Pathologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Progesterone Reduces Secondary Damage, Preserves White Matter, and Improves Locomotor Outcome after Spinal Cord Contusion

Garcı́a-Ovejero

GonzálezSusana²,

Paniagua-TorijaBeatriz³

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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“…For example, although it has been studied intensively for more than a century [70,71], there is still no agreement on the cellular basis for spinal-generated locomotion [72][73][74]. Thus, in order to understand how motor behaviours evolved, one would need to study nervous systems with clear species differences that are accessible to analysis.…”

Section: Motor System Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms underlying the evolvability of behaviour

Katz

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The complexity of nervous systems alters the evolvability of behaviour. Complex nervous systems are phylogenetically constrained; nevertheless particular species-specific behaviours have repeatedly evolved, suggesting a predisposition towards those behaviours. Independently evolved behaviours in animals that share a common neural architecture are generally produced by homologous neural structures, homologous neural pathways and even in the case of some invertebrates, homologous identified neurons. Such parallel evolution has been documented in the chromatic sensitivity of visual systems, motor behaviours and complex social behaviours such as pair-bonding. The appearance of homoplasious behaviours produced by homologous neural substrates suggests that there might be features of these nervous systems that favoured the repeated evolution of particular behaviours. Neuromodulation may be one such feature because it allows anatomically defined neural circuitry to be re-purposed. The developmental, genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to nervous system complexity may also bias the evolution of behaviour, thereby affecting the evolvability of species-specific behaviour.

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“…Consequently, motor outputs are flexible, enabling organisms to produce behaviors that are appropriate as internal or external conditions change. The mechanisms by which CPGs are modulated, both by circulating neurohormones and by the outputs of projection neurons, have been studied for many years (reviewed in Brezina 2010;Goulding 2009;Guertin 2009;Guertin and Steuer 2009;Hooper and DiCaprio 2004;Marder 1991Marder , 2000Bucher 2001, 2007;Marder et al 2005;Pearson 2000;Selverston 2010; Selverston and Ayers 2006;Simmers et al 1995;Stein 2009). Neuromodulators can alter intrinsic membrane properties of pattern generating neurons and can modulate the synaptic interactions between them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

Dickinson

Calkins

Stevens

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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To produce flexible outputs, neural networks controlling rhythmic motor behaviors can be modulated at multiple levels, including the pattern generator itself, sensory feedback, and the response of the muscle to a given pattern of motor output. We examined the role of two related neuropeptides, GYSDRNYLRFamide (GYS) and SGRNFLRFamide (SGRN), in modulating the neurogenic lobster heartbeat, which is controlled by the cardiac ganglion (CG). When perfused though an isolated whole heart at low concentrations, both peptides elicited increases in contraction amplitude and frequency. At higher concentrations, both peptides continued to elicit increases in contraction amplitude, but GYS caused a decrease in contraction frequency, while SGRN did not alter frequency. To determine the sites at which these peptides induce their effects, we examined the effects of the peptides on the periphery and on the isolated CG. When we removed the CG and stimulated the motor nerve with constant bursts of stimuli, both GYS and SGRN increased contraction amplitude, indicating that each peptide modulates the muscle or the neuromuscular junction. When applied to the isolated CG, neither peptide altered burst frequency at low peptide concentrations; at higher concentrations, SGRN decreased burst frequency, whereas GYS continued to have no effect on frequency. Together, these data suggest that the two peptides elicit some of their effects using different mechanisms; in particular, given the known feedback pathways within this system, the importance of the negative (nitric oxide) relative to the positive (stretch) feedback pathways may differ in the presence of the two peptides. cardiac ganglion; FMRFamide-like peptide; feedback ADAPTIVE RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOR is determined not only by the output of the nervous system, but also by the interactions of the nervous system with the periphery. Output from the nervous system is transformed into movement at the level of the muscles by way of the neuromuscular transform (Brezina et al. 2000a(Brezina et al. , 2000bBrezina and Weiss 2000;Williams et al. 2013); the resulting movements determine the level and nature of feedback from the periphery, which can in turn affect the output of the nervous system. Thus the generation of rhythmic movements is determined by the integration of activity, inputs, and interactions of multiple components of the multilayered neuromuscular system: the central pattern generator (CPG) and motor neurons, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and muscles, and feedback systems.

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The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion

Cited by 224 publications

References 111 publications

Progesterone Reduces Secondary Damage, Preserves White Matter, and Improves Locomotor Outcome after Spinal Cord Contusion

Progesterone Reduces Secondary Damage, Preserves White Matter, and Improves Locomotor Outcome after Spinal Cord Contusion

Neural mechanisms underlying the evolvability of behaviour

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

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