The Macrobicyclic Cryptate Effect in the Gas Phase

Abstract

The alkali cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) binding properties of cryptands [2.1.1], [2.2.1], and [2.2.2] were investigated under solvent-free, gas-phase conditions using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The alkali cations serve as size probes for the cryptand cavities. All three cryptands readily form 1:1 alkali cation complexes. Ligand−metal (2:1) complexes of [2.1.1] with K+, Rb+, and Cs+, and of [2.2.1] with Rb+ and Cs+ were observed, but no 2:1 complexes of [2.2.2] were seen, consistent with formation of “inclusive” rather than “exclusive” complexes when the binding cavity of the ligand is large enough to accommodate the metal cation. Kinetics for 2:1 ligand−metal complexation, as well as molecular mechanics calculations and cation transfer equilibrium constant measurements, lead to estimates of the radii of the cation binding cavities of the cryptands under gas-phase conditions: [2.1.1], 1.25 Å; [2.2.1], 1.50 Å; [2.2.2], 1.65 Å. Cation transfer equilibrium studies comparing cryptands with crown ethers having the same number of donor atoms reveal that the cryptands have higher affinities than crowns for cations small enough to enter the cavity of the cryptand, while the crowns have the higher affinity for cations too large to enter the cryptand cavity. The results are interpreted in terms of the macrobicyclic cryptate effect: for cations small enough to fit inside the cryptand, the three-dimensional preorganization of the ligand leads to stronger binding than is possible for a floppier, pseudo-two-dimensional crown ether. The loss of binding by one ether oxygen which occurs as metal size increases for a given cryptand is worth approximately 25 kJ mol-1, and accounts for the higher cation affinities of the crowns for the larger metals. The Li+ affinity of 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 is ∼1 kJ mol-1 higher than that of 18-crown-6, while the latter has lower affinity than the former for all of the larger alkali cations (about 7 kJ mol-1 lower for Na+, and about 15 kJ mol-1 lower for K+, Rb+, and Cs+). The equilibrium measurements also allow the determination of relative free energies of cation binding for a number of crown ethers and cryptands. Molecular mechanics modeling with the AMBER force field is generally consistent with the experiments.

H‐atom transfer following analyte photoionization in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization processes

“…12 . In the literature 15 it is well known that Li is small enough to fit within the 15C5 cavity contrary to other alkali cations which are too large. The combination of Li salt and UV irradiation increases the coloration of solution (absorption of the open form) which is stable and does not thermally bleach under dark conditions at room temperature even after 30 days.…”

First Principles Investigation of Noncovalent Complexation: A [2.2.2]‐Cryptand Ion‐Binding Selectivity Study

“…Chen and co-workers, using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, reported that a second ligand binding to the cryptand encapsulated ion is unlikely. [24] Molecular dynamics simulations by Wipff and co-workers [7,8] demonstrated that ion pairing between the complexed alkali metal and a counterion is more likely in acetonitrile than in water, and more likely with 18-crown-6 than with 222. While the nature of the anion can influence the stability of the complexes, the counterion was omitted in the calculations presented herein due to computational intractability and the aforementioned reasons.…”

Development of a screening technique for noncovalent complex formation between guanidinium- and phosphonate-functionalized amino acids by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry: assessing ionization and functional group interaction

“…These reviews highlight a multitude of diverse systems and different analytical methods. Large biomolecular receptor/ligand systems, involving protein, peptide, oligonucleotide, enzyme and drug interactions [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], as well as polyether binding and encapsulation studies [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], are well represented in the literature. Noncovalent complex formation by small biomolecules in MS has also been investigated, but to a lesser extent.…”