The Long Head of the Triceps Brachii as a Free Functioning Muscle Transfer

Lim, Aymeric; Pereira, Barry P.; Kumar, V P

doi:10.1097/00006534-200106000-00016

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Travill showed that among the three heads of the triceps the long head played the least important role whereas the medial and the lateral heads showed a considerable amount of activity during elbow extension. The long head of the triceps has been transferred as a pedicled musculo‐cutaneous flap and can also be used for a free functioning muscle transfer (Travill,1962; Hartrampf et al,1990; Hallock,1993; Lim et al,2001; Sundine and Malkani,2002). We selected the nerve to the long head of the triceps because it could directly reach the level of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve without nerve grafting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical anatomy of the radial nerve branches to triceps muscle

et al. 2012

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The objectives of the study are to demonstrate the innervation patterns of the triceps muscles and the most suitable branch of the radial nerve for nerve transfer to restore the motor function of the deltoid muscle in patients with complete C5-C6 root injury. Seventy-nine arms (40 left arms and 39 right arms) from 46 embalmed cadavers (24 male and 22 female) were included in the study. The nerves to the triceps were dissected from the triceps muscles (long head, lateral head, and medial head). The lengths of the branches were measured from the main trunk. The distance from the inferior margin of the teres major muscle to the origin of the nerve to the long head, lateral head, and medial head of the triceps were recorded as well. The first branch was the nerve to the long head of the triceps in 79 arms (100%). The second branch was the nerve to the upper medial head in 30 arms (38%), nerve to the medial head in 8 arms (10.1%), nerve to the upper lateral head in 35 arms (44.3%) and nerve to the lateral head in 6 arms (7.6%). The patterns of branches to the triceps were classified according to our dissections. The nerve to the long head of the triceps was constant as the first branch of the nerve to the triceps branch of the radial nerve in the vicinity of the inferior margin of the teres major muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical anatomy of the radial nerve branches to triceps muscle

et al. 2012

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“…[38] The long head of triceps has been transferred for axillary contracture[39] and as a free functioning muscle transfer. [40] Leechavengvong et al . [41] reported seven patients with C5 and C6 avulsion injuries who underwent double nerve transfers (distal spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve and long head triceps branch to anterior branch of axillary nerve).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical outcomes following nerve transfers in upper brachial plexus injuries

Bhandari

Sadhotra

Bhargava

et al. 2009

Indian J Plast Surg

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Background:Brachial plexus injuries represent devastating injuries with a poor prognosis. Neurolysis, nerve repair, nerve grafts, nerve transfer, functioning free-muscle transfer and pedicle muscle transfer are the main surgical procedures for treating these injuries. Among these, nerve transfer or neurotization is mainly indicated in root avulsion injury.Materials and Methods:We analysed the results of various neurotization techniques in 20 patients (age group 20-41 years, mean 25.7 years) in terms of denervation time, recovery time and functional results. The inclusion criteria for the study included irreparable injuries to the upper roots of brachial plexus (C5, C6 and C7 roots in various combinations), surgery within 10 months of injury and a minimum follow-up period of 18 months. The average denervation period was 4.2 months. Shoulder functions were restored by transfer of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve (19 patients), and phrenic nerve to suprascapular nerve (1 patient). In 11 patients, axillary nerve was also neurotized using different donors - radial nerve branch to the long head triceps (7 patients), intercostal nerves (2 patients), and phrenic nerve with nerve graft (2 patients). Elbow flexion was restored by transfer of ulnar nerve motor fascicle to the motor branch of biceps (4 patients), both ulnar and median nerve motor fascicles to the biceps and brachialis motor nerves (10 patients), spinal accessory nerve to musculocutaneous nerve with an intervening sural nerve graft (1 patient), intercostal nerves (3rd, 4th and 5th) to musculocutaneous nerve (4 patients) and phrenic nerve to musculocutaneous nerve with an intervening graft (1 patient).Results:Motor and sensory recovery was assessed according to Medical Research Council (MRC) Scoring system. In shoulder abduction, five patients scored M4 and three patients M3+. Fair results were obtained in remaining 12 patients. The achieved abduction averaged 95 degrees (range, 50 - 170 degrees). Eight patients scored M4 power in elbow flexion and assessed as excellent results. Good results (M3+) were obtained in seven patients. Five patients had fair results (M2+ to M3).

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“…Use of a single branch does not sacrifice elbow extension as evidenced by its recognized use in muscle flaps [15,16].…”

Section: Triceps Nerve Branch To Axillary Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Nerve Transfers for Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Palsy (Brachial Plexus Nerve Transfer)

Rohde¹,

Wolfe²

2006

HSS Jrnl

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Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries can have devastating effects on upper extremity function. Although neurolysis, nerve repair, and nerve grafting have been used to treat injuries to the plexus, nerve transfer makes use of an undamaged nerve to supply motor input over a relatively short distance to reinnervate a denervated muscle. A review of several recent innovations in nerve transfer surgery for brachial plexus injuries is illustrated with surgical cases performed at this institution.

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The Long Head of the Triceps Brachii as a Free Functioning Muscle Transfer

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Surgical anatomy of the radial nerve branches to triceps muscle

Surgical anatomy of the radial nerve branches to triceps muscle

Surgical outcomes following nerve transfers in upper brachial plexus injuries

Nerve Transfers for Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Palsy (Brachial Plexus Nerve Transfer)

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