The Location of Industry R&amp;D and the Location of University R&amp;D: How Are They Related?

Karlsson, Charlie; Andersson, Martin

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01017-0_15

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Firms can decide to form alliances with competitors or collaborate with universities in certain research projects. For instance, empirical research by Karlsson and Andersson (2005) shows that there is a strong path-dependence in the location of both industrial and university R&D. Concerning this interdependence, especially the location of industrial R&D seems to be quite sensitive to the location of university R&D.…”

Section: Location Factors Of Randd (External Considerations)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Location factors of international R&D activities: an econometric approach

Erken

Kleijn²

2010

Economics of Innovation and New Technology

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Research and development (R&D) is important for economic growth. Many countries therefore attempt to raise the investments in R&D. Increasingly important in this context are foreign direct investments in R&D, which on average constitute 24% of total business R&D investments in the EU15 (between 1995 and 2004). This paper focuses on the question: 'Which location factors are decisive for the attractiveness of foreign R&D investments?' The answer to this question is crucial in order to attract new foreign investments in R&D and to keep home-base R&D activities in a country or to expand them. Based on econometric analysis, we show in this paper that, besides the impact of human capital and value added of foreign affiliates, a country's stock of private R&D capital is an important location factor for international R&D activities. The interpretation of this result is twofold. First of all, it indicates that firms locate their R&D abroad to reap the benefits of knowledge-spillover effects. Secondly, we argue that the stock of private R&D capital embodies a so-called 'place-to-be effect'. This effect can be regarded as a signalling effect to firms: if the private R&D capital stock in a country is relatively large, framework conditions for research are in place and the innovative climate is likely to be excellent.internationalization of R&D, R&D location factors, R&D investment climate, foreign direct investment,

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“…activity, (e.g. Jaffe, 1989, Anselin et al, 1997, Harhoff, 1999, Karlsson and Andersson, 2005and Woodward et al, 2006. 3 Using U.S. data Woodward et al (2006) find a positive but small impact of proximity to university research (measured by total university R&D expenditures in science and engineering) on numbers of high-tech start-ups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic proximity and firm-university innovation linkages: evidence from Great Britain

Abramovsky

Simpson

2011

Journal of Economic Geography

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We investigate evidence for spatially mediated knowledge transfer from university research. We examine whether firms locate their R&D labs in proximity to university research departments, and whether those that do are more likely to co-operate with, or source information from universities in the course of their innovative activities. We find evidence that pharmaceutical firms locate their R&D facilities near to frontier chemistry research departments, consistent with accessing localised knowledge spillovers, but also linked to the presence of science parks. In industries such as chemicals and vehicles there is less evidence of immediate co-location with universities, but those innovative firms that do locate near to relevant research departments are more likely to engage with universities.

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“…A key factor is the mobility of skilled personnel with all levels of education, who make up the foundation upon which companies' innovation potential is built. Second, there is also the research by either public universities or PRIs, which directly or (in the case of basic research) indirectly could be converted into innovations (see [Jaffe, 1986;Karlsson, Andersson, 2005]). …”

Section: Private Companiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

Foresight and STI Governance

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“…Jaffe, 1989, Anselin et al, 1997, Harhoff, 1999, Karlsson and Andersson, 2005, Woodward et al, 2006. 2 Using U.S. data Woodward et al (2006) find a positive but small impact of proximity to university research (measured by total university R&D expenditures in science and engineering) on numbers of high-tech start-ups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic proximity and firm-university innovation linkages: evidence from Great Britain

Abramovsky¹,

Simpson²

2009

Working Paper Series

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Abstract:We investigate evidence for spatially mediated knowledge transfer from university research. We examine whether firms locate their R&D labs near universities, and whether those that do are more likely to co-operate with, or source knowledge from universities. We find that pharmaceutical firms locate R&D near to frontier chemistry research departments, consistent with accessing localised knowledge spillovers, but also linked to the presence of science parks. In industries such as chemicals and vehicles there is less evidence of immediate co-location, but those innovative firms that do locate near to relevant research departments are more likely to engage with universities.Keywords: Innovation; Geography; Spillovers; Public Research JEL classification: O3; R11; R13; I23 Acknowledgements: We would like to thank seminar participants at the London School of Economics and Nottingham Business School for helpful comments. We are grateful to Robert Joyce for excellent research assistance and to Rupert Harrison who contributed to earlier stages of the research. The authors would like to thank the ESRC Impact of Higher Education Institutions on Regional Economies Initiative (RES-171-22-0001), and Helen Simpson the Leverhulme Trust (F/00/182/AZ) for financial support for this research. The authors thank the UK DTI for access to the Community Innovation Survey data and for seed funding for this research. This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. All errors are the responsibility of the authors. Executive SummaryThis paper provides new evidence on the role of geographic proximity in firm-university innovation linkages for Great Britain and investigates the existence of spatially mediated knowledge transfer from university research. We combine novel data on the location of firms' R&D and on innovative firms' interactions with universities, with measures of the presence and quality of university research in relevant subject areas at a high level of geographic dis-aggregation. This allows us to construct continuous spatial measures, enabling a better understanding of how physical distance affects firm-university interactions.First, we look at the extent to which business-sector R&D is located in the vicinity of university research departments, relative to other factors such as proximity to production facilities or the availability of skilled workers. Second, conditional on location, we examine whether innovative firms situated closer to university research are more likely to engage with universities, either through formal collaborative research agreements or more informal knowledge sourcing.We find some evidence of co-location of R&D facilities ...

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“…The mass spectrum of hippodamin (I) indicates an empirical formula Cl3HZ3N and shows a fragmentation pattern nearly identical to that of the known alkaloid precoccinellin (111) [l] (that has been shown [2] to be 2-methyl-cis,trans,cis-perhydro-9b-azaphenalene with the methyl group equatorial [4]) from which it is readily differentiated by TLC and minor features of the IR spectrum. The pmr spectra of 1 and I11 are likewise very similar, strongly suggesting that 1 is a stereoisomer of 111.…”

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confidence: 99%

Two Novel Alkaloids from the American Ladybug Hippodamia Convergens (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

Tursch¹,

Daloze²,

Pasteels³

et al. 2010

Bull. Soc. Chim. Belges

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During our continuing investigation of Coccinellidae alkaloids [l, 2,3] about 20,000 specimens of Hippodamia convergens were collected in Central California in September 1971. Fractionation of the methanolic extract by solvent partitions and repeated column chromatography afforded two novel alkaloids, hippodamin (I) and convergin (11) in a ratio of about 1 : 2. 'The mass spectrum of hippodamin (I) indicates an empirical formula Cl3HZ3N and shows a fragmentation pattern nearly identical to that of the known alkaloid precoccinellin (111) [l] (that has been shown [2] to be 2-methyl-cis,trans,cis-perhydro9b-azaphenalene with the methyl group equatorial [4]) from which it is readily differentiated by TLC and minor features of the IR spectrum. The pmr spectra of 1 and I11 are likewise very similar, strongly suggesting that 1 is a stereoisomer of 111. The observation that hippodamin N-oxide and hippodamin hydrochloride are devoid of optical activity even at 300 nm establishes that I is either a symmetrical entity like 111 or a racemic mixture. The first hypothesis is excluded by the I3C NMR spectrum of hippodamin N-oxide, displaying chemical shifts very close to those observed for coccinellin (precoccinellin N-oxide) [2] but where the number of signals clearly establishes the lack of symmetry. We therefore propose that hippodamin is a 2-methyltrans, cis, cis-perhydro-9b-azaphenalene, found as a racemic mixture.The molecular weight of convergin (11) (M' = 209 by M.S.) is consistent with the formula C, ,Hz3N0. Its IR spectrum (5 % in chloroform) shows a prominent carbonyl band at 1680cm-' as well as a broad absorption at about 3200cm-I attributed to N-H stretching, as confirmed by acetylation of I1 to an N-acetyl derivative (~,=~1700, 1650 cm-I). The shift of the ketone carbonyl frequency implies the existence of a strong transannular interaction in 11. Convergin hydrochloride is devoid of carbonyl (by IR) and exists thus as the carbinolamine salt, a type of behaviour well documented by Leonard[5]. Treatment of convergin with LAH in refluxing THF affords in nearly quantitative yield an optically inactive derivative identical in all respects with natural hippodamin. The carbinolamine form of convergin is thus an hydroxyhippodamin with the OH function at a ring junction.

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The Location of Industry R&D and the Location of University R&D: How Are They Related?

Cited by 17 publications

References 70 publications

Location factors of international R&D activities: an econometric approach

Geographic proximity and firm-university innovation linkages: evidence from Great Britain

Untitled

Geographic proximity and firm-university innovation linkages: evidence from Great Britain

Two Novel Alkaloids from the American Ladybug Hippodamia Convergens (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

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