The Lipid Organisation in the Skin Barrier

Bouwstra, Joke A.; Dubbelaar, F.E.R.; Gooris, Gert S.; Ponec, M.

doi:10.1080/000155500750042826

Cited by 69 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As the cells migrate away from the SB, they begin to flatten. At the border of the SS and SG, lamellar bodies (LBs) begin to form (29). Involucrin production also begins, and there is an increase in the production of keratin 1 and keratin 10, which are markers of this layer (28).…”

Section: Lipid Composition In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Hereditary Skin Diseases—Review Article

Zwara

Wertheim–Tysarowska²,

Mika

2021

Front. Med.

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The skin is a flexible organ that forms a barrier between the environment and the body's interior; it is involved in the immune response, in protection and regulation, and is a dynamic environment in which skin lipids play an important role in maintaining homeostasis. The different layers of the skin differ in both the composition and amount of lipids. The epidermis displays the best characteristics in this respect. The main lipids in this layer are cholesterol, fatty acids (FAs) and ceramides. FAs can occur in free form and as components of complex molecules. The most poorly characterized FAs are very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and ultra long-chain fatty acids (ULCFAs). VLCFAs and ULCFAs are among the main components of ceramides and are part of the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. They are most abundant in the brain, liver, kidneys, and skin. VLCFAs and ULCFAs are responsible for the rigidity and impermeability of membranes, forming the mechanically and chemically strong outer layer of cell membranes. Any changes in the composition and length of the carbon chains of FAs result in a change in their melting point and therefore a change in membrane permeability. One of the factors causing a decrease in the amount of VLCFAs and ULCFAs is an improper diet. Another much more important factor is mutations in the genes which code proteins involved in the metabolism of VLCFAs and ULCFAs—regarding their elongation, their attachment to ceramides and their transformation. These mutations have their clinical consequences in the form of inborn errors in metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders, among others. Some of them are accompanied by skin symptoms such as ichthyosis and ichthyosiform erythroderma. In the following review, the structure of the skin is briefly characterized and the most important lipid components of the skin are presented. The focus is also on providing an overview of selected proteins involved in the metabolism of VLCFAs and ULCFAs in the skin.

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Section: Lipid Composition In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Hereditary Skin Diseases—Review Article

Zwara

Wertheim–Tysarowska²,

Mika

2021

Front. Med.

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“…There is increasing evidence that stress influences disease processes [1]and contributes to inflammation [2]through vasoactive neuropeptides [3, 4], lymphokines or other chemical mediators [2]. Psychological factors precipitate or increase the morbidity of allergic reactions [5]and many dermatoses [6, 7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alopecia areata and Affected Skin CRH Receptor Upregulation Induced by Acute Emotional Stress

Katsarou-Katsari¹,

Singh²,

Theoharides³

2001

Dermatology

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Background: Recent evidence indicates that acute stress can precipitate a number of dermatological conditions, including alopecia areata. This effect may be mediated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released locally in the skin from dorsal root ganglia or immune cells. CRH typically acts through activation of specific receptors that are either type 1 or types 2α and 2β. CRH, or related peptides such as urocortin, could have proinflammatory effects directly or through activation of mast cells leading to destruction of the hair root. Objectives: To investigate the expression of CRH receptors on the affected skin of patients who developed alopecia areata following acute emotional stress. Methods: Scalp skin biopsies were obtained from 1 normal volunteer and 3 patients after ring infiltration of the relevant site with lidocaine. The biopsies were frozen and were later processed for in situ hybridization for CRH receptors type 1 or types 2α and 2β. Sections showing positive results were photographed. Results: The skin from the normal volunteer showed weak background expression of all three receptor types. However, skin from the affected sites of all 3 patients studied showed intense expression only on the type 2β receptor around the hair follicles. Conclusion: Acute emotional stress may precipitate alopecia areata by activation of overexpressed type 2β CRH receptors around the hair follicles leading to intense local inflammation.

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“…The stratum corneum (SC) is the principal barrier of the skin. The structure of SC is characterized by laminarly compressed corneocytes (keratin) among which the intracellular space is filled by matrical lipids (ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol). − As the main components of SC, skin lipids, and keratin are the primary targets for penetration enhancement (Figure A). To investigate the permeation-enhancing mechanism of the HPCD-Lipo formulation, we analyzed the treated skin by FTIR and Raman analyses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrin-Coordinated Liposome-in-Gel for Transcutaneous Quercetin Delivery for Psoriasis Treatment

Zhang

Shouliang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is difficult to treat. Quercetin (QT) is a dietary flavonoid known for its antiinflammatory effects and safe use in humans. However, the topical application of quercetin for psoriasis treatment presents a significant challenge due to its poor water solubility and low stability in semisolid preparations, where it tends to recrystallize. This work presents a novel liposome-in-gel formulation for the quercetin-based topical treatment of psoriasis. The quercetin-loading liposomes are stabilized by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD), which interacts with phospholipids via hydrogen bonding to form a layer of an HPCD coating on the liposome interface, thus resulting in improved stability. Various analytical techniques, such as FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM, were used to characterize the molecular coordination patterns between cyclodextrin and liposomes. The results demonstrated that HPCD assisted the liposomes in interfacing with the matrix lipids and keratins of the stratum corneum, thereby enhancing skin permeability and promoting drug penetration and retention in the skin. The in vivo results showed that the topical QT HPCD-liposome-in-gel improved the treatment efficacy of psoriatic plaque compared to free QT. It alleviated the symptoms of skin thickening and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-17A, and IL-1β. The results suggested that the HPCD-coordinated liposome-in-gel system could be a stable carrier for topical QT therapy with good potential in psoriasis treatment.

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The Lipid Organisation in the Skin Barrier

Cited by 69 publications

References 33 publications

Alterations of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Hereditary Skin Diseases—Review Article

Alterations of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Hereditary Skin Diseases—Review Article

Alopecia areata and Affected Skin CRH Receptor Upregulation Induced by Acute Emotional Stress

Cyclodextrin-Coordinated Liposome-in-Gel for Transcutaneous Quercetin Delivery for Psoriasis Treatment

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