The Links between Cardiovascular Diseases and Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

: The root cause of non-inherited Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unknown despite hundreds of research studies performed to attempt to solve this problem. Since proper prophylaxis remains the best strategy, many scientists have studied risk factors that may affect AD development. There is robust evidence supporting the hypothesis that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may contribute to AD progression; the diseases often coexist. Therefore, a lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria makes studying the relationship between AD and CVD complicated. Additionally, inflammation accompanies the pathogenesis of AD and CVD, and is not only a consequence but also implicated as a significant contributor to the course of the diseases. Of note, АроЕε4 is found to be one of the major risk factors affecting both the cardiovascular and nervous systems. According to genome wide association and epidemiological studies, numerous common risk factors have been associated with development of AD-related pathology. Furthermore, the risk of developing AD and CVDs appears to be increased by a wide range of conditions and lifestyle factors: hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, gut/oral microbiota, physical activity, and diet. This review summarizes the literature and provides possible mechanistic links between CVDs and AD.

“Cell Membrane Theory of Senescence” and the Role of Bioactive Lipids in Aging, and Aging Associated Diseases and Their Therapeutic Implications

“…Increasing age is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the most common form of dementia [ 178 ]. Aging is known to be associated with increasing incidence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus that are believed to enhance the risk of Alzheimer’s disease [ 179 , 180 , 181 ]. In view of the close association between insulin resistance and decreased cerebral glucose metabolism with Alzheimer’s disease, it has been argued that Alzheimer’s could be considered as a type 3 diabetes mellitus [ 182 ].…”

“…Such a purported relationship between T2DM and AD led to the use of intranasal insulin in its (AD) treatment resulted in controversial results [ 183 ]. Furthermore, changes in lipid metabolism in brain regions that play a significant role in cognitive function [ 184 , 185 ] which is reflected in the periphery [ 181 ] and with age have been described [ 186 ]. In a recent study that was coined to evaluate age-related changes in the lipidome of the rat amygdala obtained from young (3 months) and old (20 months) males of the Sprague-Dawley rats, significant changes in the levels of four main lipid classes: glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterol lipids was described [ 184 ].…”

Health Science Community Will Miss This Bright and Uniting Star: In Memory of Professor Gjumrakch Aliev, M.D, Ph.D.

“…Professor Aliev possessed an encyclopedic knowledge in a wide range of scientific fields; however, his main research focus was linked to the development of unique technologies and treatment protocols for age-associated diseases. He was recognized internationally for his work in the fields of gerontology [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], oncology [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], cardiovascular diseases [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], endocrinology [ 2 , 20 , 21 ], and neurodegenerative diseases [ 15 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. His research publications on the role of vascular and mitochondrial factors in the pathogenesis of aging [ 2 , 3 , 5 ], atherosclerosis [ 33 , 34 ], ischemia-reperfusion [ 18 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], stroke [ 4 , 18 , 35 , 38 ], and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [ 23 , 24 , 33 ,…”

“…For instance, his in vitro cancer cell model for the peptide based new drug development study showed promising results regarding the specific delivery of drugs to tumor tissues [63,65]. Another of his in vivo studies found that nanoparticles are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which has been the biggest impediment in delivering drugs to patients with Alzheimer's disease [16,18,64].…”

“…Following this, Gjumrakch received postdoctoral training under the prestigious British Heart Foundation Grant Program in the University College London (advisor Professor Geoffrey Burnstock), specializing in medicine.Professor Aliev possessed an encyclopedic knowledge in a wide range of scientific fields; however, his main research focus was linked to the development of unique technologies and treatment protocols for age-associated diseases. He was recognized internationally for his work in the fields of gerontology[1][2][3][4][5], oncology[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], cardiovascular diseases[16][17][18][19], endocrinology[2,20,21], and neurodegenerative diseases[15,20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. His research publications on the role of vascular and mitochondrial factors in the pathogenesis of aging[2,3,5], atherosclerosis[33,34], ischemia-reperfusion[18,[35][36][37], stroke…”