The Large APEX BOlometer CAmera LABOCA

Siringo, G.; Kreysa, E.; Kovács, A.; Schüller, F.; Weiß, A.; Esch, W.; Gemünd, H.-P.; Jethava, N.; Lundershausen, Gundula; Colin, Angel; Güsten, R.; Menten, K. M.; Beelen, A.; Bertoldi, F.; Beeman, J. W.; Häller, E. E.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811454

Cited by 333 publications

(397 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Large Apex BOlometer CAmera [Laboca], 2006-present Laboca was developed by the bolometer development group at the Max-Planck-Institute für Radioastronomie as a multi-channel bolometer array for 870µm continuum mapping installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope in Chile (Siringo et al, 2009). It was first brought to APEX for science observations in 2006/2007 and started full science operations in 2008.…”

Section: Aztec 2005-presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift

2014

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Far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength surveys have now established the important role of dusty, star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) in the assembly of stellar mass and the evolution of massive galaxies in the Universe. The brightest of these galaxies have infrared luminosities in excess of 10 13 L with implied star-formation rates of thousands of solar masses per year. They represent the most intense starbursts in the Universe, yet many are completely optically obscured. Their easy detection at submm wavelengths is due to dust heated by ultraviolet radiation of newly forming stars. When summed up, all of the dusty, star-forming galaxies in the Universe produce an infrared radiation field that has an equal energy density as the direct starlight emission from all galaxies visible at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. The bulk of this infrared extragalactic background light emanates from galaxies as diverse as gas-rich disks to mergers of intense starbursting galaxies. Major advances in far-infrared instrumentation in recent years, both spacebased and ground-based, has led to the detection of nearly a million DSFGs, yet our understanding of the underlying astrophysics that govern the start and end of the dusty starburst phase is still in nascent stage. This review is aimed at summarizing the current status of DSFG studies, focusing especially on the detailed characterization of the bestunderstood subset (submillimeter galaxies, who were summarized in the last review of this field over a decade ago, Blain et al. 2002), but also the selection and characterization of more recently discovered DSFG populations. We review DSFG population statistics, their physical properties including dust, gas and stellar contents, their environments, and current theoretical models related to the formation and evolution of these galaxies.

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Section: Aztec 2005-presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift

2014

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“…Since then, arrays with more and more elements have been developed and deployed to telescopes. Modern arrays of bolometers have hundreds of elements: 384 for the Nyquist-sampled Submillimeter High-Angular Resolution Camera 2 (SHARC II, Dowell et al 2003), and 295 for the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA), which was recently deployed at the APEX telescope (Siringo et al 2007(Siringo et al , 2009. With a field of view of 11.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two additional Nasmyth cabins allow several receivers to be ready for use. The LABOCA instrument is an array of 295 bolometers arranged in an hexagonal pattern, with two-beam spacing between bolometers (Siringo et al 2009). It is located at the Cassegrain focus, where it has an effective field of view of 11.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATLASGAL – The APEX telescope large area survey of the galaxy at 870 $\mathsf{\mu}$m

Schüller¹,

Menten²,

Contreras

et al. 2009

A&A

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927

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Context. Thanks to its excellent 5100 m high site in Chajnantor, the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) systematically explores the southern sky at submillimeter wavelengths, in both continuum and spectral line emission. Studying continuum emission from interstellar dust is essential to locating the highest density regions in the interstellar medium, and deriving their masses, column densities, density structures, and large-scale morphologies. In particular, the early stages of (massive) star formation remain poorly understood, mainly because only small samples of high-mass proto-stellar or young stellar objects have been studied in detail so far. Aims. Our goal is to produce a large-scale, systematic database of massive pre-and proto-stellar clumps in the Galaxy, to understand how and under what conditions star formation takes place. Only a systematic survey of the Galactic Plane can provide the statistical basis for unbiased studies. A well characterized sample of Galactic star-forming sites will deliver an evolutionary sequence and a mass function of high-mass, star-forming clumps. This systematic survey at submillimeter wavelengths also represents a preparatory work for Herschel and ALMA. Methods. The APEX telescope is ideally located to observe the inner Milky Way. The Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA) is a 295-element bolometer array observing at 870 μm, with a beam size of 19. 2. Taking advantage of its large field of view (11. 4) and excellent sensitivity, we started an unbiased survey of the entire Galactic Plane accessible to APEX, with a typical noise level of 50−70 mJy/beam: the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). Results. As a first step, we covered ∼95 deg 2 of the Galactic Plane. These data reveal ∼6000 compact sources brighter than 0.25 Jy, or 63 sources per square degree, as well as extended structures, many of them filamentary. About two thirds of the compact sources have no bright infrared counterpart, and some of them are likely to correspond to the precursors of (high-mass) proto-stars or protoclusters. Other compact sources harbor hot cores, compact H ii regions, or young embedded clusters, thus tracing more evolved stages after massive stars have formed. Assuming a typical distance of 5 kpc, most sources are clumps smaller than 1 pc with masses from a few 10 to a few 100 M . In this first introductory paper, we show preliminary results from these ongoing observations, and discuss the mid-and long-term perspectives of the survey.

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“…These observations were made with LABOCA (Siringo et al 2009) between 26 and 31 August, and 31 October and 4 November 2012. The observing conditions were good with precipitable water vapour (PWV) measurements between 0.7 and 2.6 mm with a median value of ∼1 mm.…”

Section: Apex Observations and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The almost ubiquitous association of 6.7-GHz methanol masers with dust★

Urquhart

Moore

Menten

et al. 2014

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We report the results of 870-µmcontinuum observations, using the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA), towards 77 class-II, 6.7-GHz methanol masers identified by the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey to map the thermal emission from cool dust towards these objects. These data complement a study of 630 methanol masers associated with compact dense clumps identified from the ATLASGAL survey. Compact dust emission is detected towards 70 sources, which implies a dust-association rate of 99 per cent for the full MMB catalogue. Evaluation of the derived dust and maser properties leads us to conclude that the combined sample represents a single population tracing the same phenomenon. We find median clump masses of a few 10 3 M ⊙ and that all but a handful of sources satisfy the mass-size criterion required for massive star formation. This study provides the strongest evidence of the almost ubiquitous association of methanol masers with massive, star-forming clumps. The fraction of methanol-maser associated clumps is a factor of ∼2 lower in the outer Galaxy than the inner Galaxy, possibly a result of the lower metallicity environment of the former. We find no difference in the clump-mass and maser-luminosity distributions of the inner and outer Galaxy. The maser-pumping and clump-formation mechanisms are therefore likely to be relatively invariant to Galactic location. Finally, we use the ratio of maser luminosity and clump mass to investigate the hypothesis that the maser luminosity is a good indicator of the evolutionary stage of the embedded source, however, we find no evidence to support this.

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The Large APEX BOlometer CAmera LABOCA

Cited by 333 publications

References 30 publications

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift

ATLASGAL – The APEX telescope large area survey of the galaxy at 870 $\mathsf{\mu}$m

The almost ubiquitous association of 6.7-GHz methanol masers with dust★

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