The investigation of biodegradability of branched nonyl phenol ethoxylates

Rudling, Lars; Solyom, Peter

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(74)90136-5

Cited by 56 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Due to their widespread use and common introduction to aquatic systems, NP and NPEs have been the subject of other biodegradation investigations [31,35–37]. Ekelund et al [37] investigated the biodegradation of NP in seawater and sediment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

Heinis

Knuth

Liber

et al. 1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol (NP) were monitored for 440 d, following application to 18 littoral enclosures (4 × 7–8 m), situated in a 2‐ha mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Application was accomplished by subsurface, gravity‐fed injection over a 20‐d period, with a 2‐d frequency, to achieve nominal aqueous concentrations of 0, 3, 30, 100, and 300 μg/L. Mean maximum concentrations in the water over the 20‐d application period ranged from 75.7 to 81.0% of nominal for the three highest treatment levels and was 181% of nominal at the lowest treatment level. Water was the major compartment, on a mass balance basis, for NP until 2 to 4 d after the application period, with a mean time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of 0.74 d and a mean time to 95% dissipation (DT95) of 13.8 d. 4‐Nonylphenol partitioned to enclosure wall material, macrophytes, and sediment within 2 d of initial application. Macrophytes accumulated maximum NP concentrations of 11.5 and 139 mg/kg 1 to 2 d after the application period at the 30‐ and 300‐μg/L treatment levels, respectively. Mean DT50 and DT95 estimates of NP persistence in/on the macrophytes were 10.3 and 189 d, respectively. Sediment from the 30‐ and 300‐μg/L treatments accumulated maximum dry weight NP concentrations of 2.74 and 27.4 mg/kg, respectively within 20 to 48 d of the first application. The mean sediment porewater NP concentration was 18.6 μg/L for the period 2 to 34 d after application 1 at the 300‐μg/L treatment. The sediment was the primary sink for NP 440 d after the initial application with a concentration of 1.97 mg/kg at the 300‐μg/L treatment. Mean sediment DT50 and DT95 values were 66.0 and 401 d, respectively, indicating a long‐term persistence of NP. Ecocores collected 1 d after the final NP application did not show significant decreases in sediment NP concentration during a 55‐d incubation period, corroborating the NP persistence observed in the littoral enclosures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

Heinis

Knuth

Liber

et al. 1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Aussi, dans les premiers temps de la degradation, ils peuvent s'accumuler dans le milieu. Pour les NPE, la form ation de NPE 2 lors de la degradation dTiomologues a chaine longue a ete mise en evidence (38). Au cours des experiences menees en laboratoire, aucune formation notable de NP (nonylphenol) n' a ete observee.…”

Section: Les Voies Metaboliques De La Degradation Totaleunclassified

Presence et comportement dans le milieu aquatique des alkylbenzenesulfonates lineaires (LAS) et des alkylphenols ethoxyles (APE) miseau point

Thoumelin

1991

Environmental Technology

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This article reviews recent knowledge about the fate in the aquatic environment of two extensively used classes of surfactants : the linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) and the alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE). Prom an analytical point of view, the preference for specific determination of LAS and APE compounds rather than for global determination of anionic or nonionic surfactants is argued. Data are given on concentration levels and comportment of LAS and APE in sewage effluents and in aquatic environment, with reference to marine environment. Finally, their biodegradation, which is the main process governing their fate in the environment, is specially investigated.

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“…Typical NP concentrations in receiving waters are ≤2 μg/L, but they can be as high as 325 to 1,000 μg/L [6]. Whereas NPEs are known to be only moderately toxic and to degrade rapidly, NP is significantly more toxic and persistent [7–10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4‐nonylphenol in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures

Liber

Gangl

Corry

et al. 1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Toxicity and bioaccumulation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a common precursor and degradation intermediate of certain nonionic surfactants, were evaluated in a set of 18 aquatic mesocosms (littoral enclosures) in northeastern Minnesota. Nonylphenol was applied to enclosures every 48 h over a 20-d period (11 applications) at rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 g/L. Additional enclosures served as untreated controls. Maximum NP levels in the integrated water column 2 h after each application averaged 5 Ϯ 4, 23 Ϯ 11, 76 Ϯ 21, and 243 Ϯ 41 g/L over the 11 applications at the 3-, 30-, 100-, and 300-g/L treatments, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the NP dissipated from the water column within ϳ39 h of each application. Estimated survival of stocked juvenile bluegills was significantly reduced at the 300-g/L NP treatment. No significant effects were noted at the other NP treatments; however, the 100-g/L enclosure with the highest mean NP concentration (93 Ϯ 39 g/L) within that treatment had four to nine times more dead bluegills and four to six times fewer bluegills captured at the end of the season than the other two 100-g/L enclosures (64 Ϯ 23 and 71 Ϯ 32 g/L) and the controls, suggesting increased mortality in this enclosure. Nonylphenol tissue concentrations in juvenile bluegills collected from enclosures treated with 3 and 30 g/L NP ranged from 0.01 to 2.94 g/g wet weight and showed a significant positive relationship with the average measured NP concentration in the water. The mean wet weight nonequilibrium NP bioaccumulation factor was 87 Ϯ 124. There was no relationship between fish lipid content and NP tissue concentration.

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The investigation of biodegradability of branched nonyl phenol ethoxylates

Cited by 56 publications

References 4 publications

Persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

Persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

Presence et comportement dans le milieu aquatique des alkylbenzenesulfonates lineaires (LAS) et des alkylphenols ethoxyles (APE) miseau point

Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4‐nonylphenol in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures

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