The “instantaneous” deformation of cartilage: Effects of collagen fiber orientation and osmotic stress

Mizrahi, J.; Maroudas, Alice; Lanir, Yoram; Ziv, Israel; Webber, T.J.

doi:10.3233/bir-1986-23402

Cited by 117 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…While the MRI and indentation studies here yielded high overall correlations between [GAG] and load response, clearly other factors must be considered. First, it is certainly true that many biochemical and architectural features influence tissue stiffness, as has been suggested by previous experimental and theoretical work [3,9,27,33,421. Indeed, our finding that correlation increased when the peripheral (submeniscal) and central regions were evaluated separately is a direct indication that factors in addition to GAG are significantly influencing the mechanical properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Spatially‐localized correlation of dGEMRIC‐measured GAG distribution and mechanical stiffness in the human tibial plateau

Samosky

Burstein

Grimson

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

109

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The concentration of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in articular cartilage is known to be an important determinant of tissue mechanical properties based on numerous studies relating bulk G A G and mechanical properties. To date limited information exists regarding the relationship between GAG and mechanical properties on a spatially-localized basis in intact samples of native tissue. This relation can now be explored by using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC-a recently available nondestructive magnetic resonance imaging method for measuring glycosaminoglycan concentration) combined with non-destructive mechanical indentation testing. In this study, three tibia1 plateaus from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were imaged by dGEMRIC. At 3 3 4 4 test locations for each tibial plateau, the load response to focal indentation was measured as an index of cartilage stiffness. Overall, a high correlation was found between the dGEMRIC index ( Tlbd) and local stiffness (Pearson correlation coefficients r = 0.90, 0.64, 0.81; p < 0.0001) when the GAG at each test location was averaged over a depth of tissue comparable to that affected by the indentation. When GAG was averaged over larger depths, the correlations were generally lower. In addition, the correlations improved when the central and peripheral (submeniscal) areas of the tibial plateau were analyzed separately, suggesting that a factor other than G A G concentration is also contributing to indentation stiffness. The results demonstrate the importance of MRI in yielding spatial localization of GAG concentration in the evaluation of cartilage mechanical properties when heterogeneous samples are involved and suggest the possibility that the evaluation of mechanical properties may be improved further by adding other MRI parameters sensitive t o the collagen component of cartilage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Spatially‐localized correlation of dGEMRIC‐measured GAG distribution and mechanical stiffness in the human tibial plateau

Samosky

Burstein

Grimson

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

109

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“…In addition, articular cartilage deformation results from a reorganization of its collagen structure and loss of fluid during loading. Fluid loss is a much slower process than the polymer network re-arrangement and so an initial deformation occurs first without any volume change, and a second deformation then results from a change in volume due to fluid loss which produces a nonlinear load-displacement response that is exhibited during unconfined compression [54,55]. This type of behavior highlights the biphasic and time-dependent mechanical properties of articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints [56,57].…”

Section: Cartilage Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Jaumard¹,

Welch²,

Winkelstein³

2011

J. Biomech. Eng.

270

225

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The facet joint is a crucial anatomic region of the spine owing to its biomechanical role in facilitating articulation of the vertebrae of the spinal column. It is a diarthrodial joint with opposing articular cartilage surfaces that provide a low friction environment and a ligamentous capsule that encloses the joint space. Together with the disc, the bilateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function. Although a great deal of research has focused on defining the biomechanics of the spine and the form and function of the disc, the facet joint has only recently become the focus of experimental, computational and clinical studies. This mechanical behavior ensures the normal health and function of the spine during physiologic loading but can also lead to its dysfunction when the tissues of the facet joint are altered either by injury, degeneration or as a result of surgical modification of the spine. The anatomical, biomechanical and physiological characteristics of the facet joints in the cervical and lumbar spines have become the focus of increased attention recently with the advent of surgical procedures of the spine, such as disc repair and replacement, which may impact facet responses. Accordingly, this review summarizes the relevant anatomy and biomechanics of the facet joint and the individual tissues that comprise it. In order to better understand the physiological implications of tissue loading in all conditions, a review of mechanotransduction pathways in the cartilage, ligament and bone is also presented ranging from the tissue-level scale to cellular modifications. With this context, experimental studies are summarized as they relate to the most common modifications that alter the biomechanics and health of the spine-injury and degeneration. In addition, many computational and finite element models have been developed that enable more-detailed and specific investigations of the facet joint and its tissues than are provided by experimental approaches and also that expand their utility for the field of biomechanics. These are also reviewed to provide a more complete summary of the current knowledge of facet joint mechanics. Overall, the goal of this review is to present a comprehensive review of the breadth and depth of knowledge regarding the mechanical and adaptive responses of the facet joint and its tissues across a variety of relevant size scales.

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“…In recent years, there has been a greater appreciation of the importance of tension-compression nonlinearity in the regulation of the functional response of articular cartilage [23,24,25,26,27], and this study represents the first time that these properties are determined within the same cartilage samples as a function of depth. Tensile properties can be derived from curvefitting the transient unconfined compression response because this testing configuration subjects the tissue to tensile strains in the radial and circumferential direction when compressed axially [22,23,24,25]; thus the transient response of the tissue is governed significantly by the tensile modulus. The experimental results confirm that the tensile modulus of cartilage is greatest at the articular surface and decreases toward the deep zone [4,5], while the compressive modulus follows an opposite trend [6,7,8,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Care is also taken to account for the disparity in tensile and compressive properties of the tissue, which has been shown to play a significant role in its functional response [9,22,23,24,25,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhomogeneous Cartilage Properties Enhance Superficial Interstitial Fluid Support and Frictional Properties, But Do Not Provide a Homogeneous State of Stress

Krishnan

Park

Eckstein

et al. 2003

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

114

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It has been well established that articular cartilage is compositionally and mechanically inhomogeneous through its depth. To what extent this structural inhomogeneity is a prerequisite for appropriate cartilage function and integrity, is not well understood. The first hypothesis to be tested in this study was that the depth-dependent inhomogeneity of the cartilage acts to maximize the interstitial fluid load support at the articular surface, to provide efficient frictional and wear properties. The second hypothesis was that the inhomogeneity produces a more homogeneous state of elastic stress in the matrix than would be achieved with uniform properties. We have, for the first time, simultaneously determined depth-dependent tensile and compressive properties of human patellofemoral cartilage from unconfined compression stress-relaxation tests. The experimental measurements were then implemented with the finite element method to compute the response of an inhomogeneous and homogeneous cartilage layer to loading. The results show that the tensile modulus increases significantly from 4.1±1.9MPa in the deep zone to 8.3±3.7MPa at the superficial zone, while the compressive modulus decreases from 0.73±0.26MPa to 0.28±0.16MPa. The finite element models demonstrate that structural inhomogeneity acts to increase the interstitial fluid load support at the articular surface. However, the state of stress, strain, or strain energy density in the solid matrix remained inhomogeneous through the depth of the articular layer, whether or not inhomogeneous material properties were employed. We suggest that increased fluid load support at the articular surface enhances the frictional and wear properties of articular cartilage, but that the tissue is not functionally adapted to produce homogeneous stress, strain, or strain energy density distributions. Interstitial fluid pressurization, but not a homogeneous elastic stress distribution, appears thus to be a prerequisite for the functional and morphological integrity of the cartilage.

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The “instantaneous” deformation of cartilage: Effects of collagen fiber orientation and osmotic stress

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Spatially‐localized correlation of dGEMRIC‐measured GAG distribution and mechanical stiffness in the human tibial plateau

Spatially‐localized correlation of dGEMRIC‐measured GAG distribution and mechanical stiffness in the human tibial plateau

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Inhomogeneous Cartilage Properties Enhance Superficial Interstitial Fluid Support and Frictional Properties, But Do Not Provide a Homogeneous State of Stress

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