The insidious effect of diatoms on copepod reproduction

Miralto, Antonio; Barone, Giovanni; Romano, Giovanna; Poulet, S. A.; Ianora, Adrianna; Russo, Gian Luigi; Buttino, Isabella; Mazzarella, Giuseppe; Laabir, Mohamed; Cabrini, Marina; Giacobbe, Maria Grazia

doi:10.1038/46023

Cited by 597 publications

(493 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…T. weissflogii was second best, leading also to high naupliar survival rates and fast development, but to slower copepodite development. The successful use of T. weissflogii as a food organism is in contrast with the experimentally based view that diatoms in general are bad diet for raising copepods (Ianora et al 1995(Ianora et al , 2003Miralto 1999;Paffenhöfer et al 2005), while it agrees to field studies supporting a positive nutritional role of diatoms (Irigoien et al 2002). It is now well illustrated that not all diatom species per se are toxic, but even taxa lacking toxic metabolites can be insufficient to support copepod recruitment and development in mono-diet (Jones and Flynn 2005).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…Contrasting effects of diatom diet on copepods are reported from the field. Studies from the Mediterranean Sea illustrate deleterious effects of diatoms on copepod reproduction (Miralto et al 1999) and depression of reproductive success at high Thalassiosira abundance has been reported for Calanus pacificus from Dabob Bay, Washington (Pierson et al 2005). Yet, other work provides evidence for the importance of diatoms as copepod food (Irigoien et al 2002), and grazing selectivity in favour of diatoms has been demonstrated in copepods under natural conditions (Meyer-Harms et al 1999;Irigoien et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development

2008

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We have performed life table experiments to investigate the effects of different food types and concentrations on the larval development and survival up to adulthood of Acartia tonsa. The food species offered comprised a wide taxonomic spectrum: the pigmented flagellates Isochrysis galbana, Emiliania huxleyi, Rhodomonas sp., Prorocentrum minimum, the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, grown on medium offering enriched macronutrient concentrations and the ciliate Euplotes sp. initially cultured on Rhodomonas. For the ciliate species, also the functional response was studied. In order to avoid limitation by mineral nutrients, food algae have been taken from the exponential growth phase of the nutrient replete cultures. The suitability of Rhodomonas as a food source throughout the entire life cycle was not a surprise. However, in contrast to much of the recent literature about the inadequacy or even toxicity of diatoms, we found that also Thalassiosira could support Acartiadevelopment through the entire life cycle. On the other hand, Acartia could not complete its life cycle when fed with the other food items, Prorocentrum having adverse effects even when mixed with Rhodomonas and Thalassiosira. Isochrysis well supported naupliar survival and development, but was insufficient to support further development until reproduction. With Emiliania and Euplotes, nauplii died off before most of them could reach the first copepodite stages. Acartia-nauplii showed a behavioral preference for Euplotes-feeding over diatom feeding, but nevertheless Euplotes was an insufficient diet to complete development beyond the naupliar stages.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development

2008

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“…In another study, hatching success was only 12% among copepods in a diatom-dominated bloom compared to 90% in post-bloom conditions (Miralto et al, 1999). Miralto et al (1999) also isolated three antiproliferative aldehydes from the diatoms Thalassiosira rotula, Skeletonema costatum, and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima that caused low hatching success in the copepod Temora stylifera.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton herbivory and community structure in the southeast Bering Sea: insight into the formation and temporal persistence of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom

Olson

Strom

2002

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

143

108

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Using the seawater dilution technique, we measured phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates within and outside of the 1999 Bering Sea coccolithophorid bloom. We found that reduced microzooplankton grazing mortality is a key component in the formation and temporal persistence of the Emiliania huxleyi bloom that continues to proliferate in the southeast Bering Sea. Total chlorophyll a (Chl a) at the study sites ranged from 0.40 to 4.45 mg C l À1 . Highest phytoplankton biomass was found within the bloom, which was a mixed assemblage of diatoms and E. huxleyi. Here, 75% of the Chl a came from cells >10 mm and was attributed primarily to the high abundance of the diatom Nitzschia spp. Nutrient-enhanced total phytoplankton growth rates averaged 0.53 d À1 across all experimental stations. Average growth rates for >10 mm and o10 mm cells were nearly equal, while microzooplankton grazing varied among stations and size fractions. Grazing on phytoplankton cells >10 mm ranged from 0.19 to 1.14 d À1 . Grazing on cells o10 mm ranged from 0.02 to 1.07 d À1 , and was significantly higher at non-bloom (avg. 0.71 d À1 ) than at bloom (avg. 0.14 d À1 ) stations. Averaged across all stations, grazing by microzooplankton accounted for 110% and 81% of phytoplankton growth for >10 and o10 mm cells, respectively. These findings contradict the paradigm that microzooplankton are constrained to diets of nanophytoplankton and strongly suggests that their grazing capability extends beyond boundaries assumed by size-based models. Dinoflagellates and oligotrich ciliates dominated the microzooplankton community. Estimates of abundance and biomass for microzooplankton >10 mm were higher than previously reported for the region, ranging from 22,000 to 227,430 cells l À1 and 18 to 164 mg C l À1 . Highest abundance and biomass occurred in the bloom and corresponded with increased abundance of the large ciliate Laboea, and the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium and Gyrodinium spp. Despite low grazing rates on phytoplankton o10 mm within the bloom, the abundance and biomass of small microzooplankton (o20 mm) capable of grazing E. huxleyi was relatively high at bloom stations. This body of evidence, coupled with observed high grazing rates on large phytoplankton cells, suggests the phytoplankton community composition was strongly regulated by herbivorous activity of microzooplankton. Because grazing behavior deviated from size-based model predictions and was not proportional to microzooplankton biomass, alternate mechanisms that dictate levels of grazing activity were in effect in the southeastern Bering Sea. We hypothesize that these mechanisms included morphological or chemical signaling between phytoplankton and micrograzers, which led to selective grazing pressure. r

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“…Morphological and life-history changes induced by biological threats, such as spine formation (Lurling & Beekman 1999), colony formation (Hessen & Van Donk 1993) and induction of temporary cysts (Toth et al 2004), have been described in diverse groups of planktonic organisms (Kats & Dill 1998). Furthermore, injury induced cleavage of dimethylsulphonopropionate into dimethylsulphide (DMS) and acrylate that deters protozoan consumers has been suggested to occur in the bloom-forming coccolithophorid Emiliana huxleyi (Wolfe et al 1997), and the formation of terratogenic aldehydes from fatty acid precursors is induced by injury in several diatoms (Miralto et al 1999). However, the natural function of acrylate and DMS, as well as terratogenic aldehydes, has been questioned (Irigoien et al 2002;Strom et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copepods induce paralytic shellfish toxin production in marine dinoflagellates

Selander¹,

Thor

Toth³

et al. 2006

Proc. R. Soc. B.

177

208

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Among the thousands of unicellular phytoplankton species described in the sea, some frequently occurring and bloom-forming marine dinoflagellates are known to produce the potent neurotoxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning. The natural function of these toxins is not clear, although they have been hypothesized to act as a chemical defence towards grazers. Here, we show that waterborne cues from the copepod Acartia tonsa induce paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production in the harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Induced A. minutum contained up to 2.5 times more toxins than controls and was more resistant to further copepod grazing. Ingestion of non-toxic alternative prey was not affected by the presence of induced A. minutum. The ability of A. minutum to sense and respond to the presence of grazers by increased PST production and increased resistance to grazing may facilitate the formation of harmful algal blooms in the sea.

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The insidious effect of diatoms on copepod reproduction

Cited by 597 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development

Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development

Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton herbivory and community structure in the southeast Bering Sea: insight into the formation and temporal persistence of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom

Copepods induce paralytic shellfish toxin production in marine dinoflagellates

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