The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss

Miller, David J.; Hemmrich, Georg; Ball, Eldon E.; Hayward, David C.; Khalturin, Konstantin; Funayama, Noriko; Agata, Kiyokazu; Bosch, Thomas C. G.

doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r59

Cited by 333 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The phylogenetic tree, based on the TIR domain, suggested that the molecule can be regarded as the ortholog of vertebrate TICAM1 and TICAM2. To date, no homolog for TICAM-1 or TICAM-2 has been reported in Cnidaria [8], sea urchin [10,11] or other non-chordates, further suggesting that TICAM first emerged in the basal chordates and bbtTICAM might have evolved as the earliest molecule of the ancestral vertebrate TICAM1 and TICAM2.…”

Section: Discussion Bbtticam Is the Earliest Ortholog Of Vertebrate Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The direct interaction of MyD88 with TLRs in Drosophila and amphioxus suggests that this pathway is functionally conserved during evolution [13]. Unlike MyD88, no homolog of TICAM1 or TICAM2 has been identified in non-chordates such as Drosophila, Cnidaria [8], or sea urchin [10,11]. Although TICAM1 orthologs could be found in the early vertebrates lamprey [14] and zebrafish [15][16][17][18][19], they do not function in the same manner as those found in mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…MyD88, the first-identified TIR adaptor in mammals, is also present in poriferans [7], cnidarians [8], Drosophila [9], sea urchin [10,11], and amphioxus [12]. The direct interaction of MyD88 with TLRs in Drosophila and amphioxus suggests that this pathway is functionally conserved during evolution [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…There are two MyD88-like proteins and two atypical TLRs in Hydra [8], one MyD88 homolog and one TLR-1-like protein in Nematostella [8], four MyD88-like and more than two hundred TLRs in the sea urchin [10,11], and one MyD88 ortholog and three TLRs in Ciona [45]. The identification of both TLR and MyD88 in different evolutionary stages and the functional interaction of amphioxus TLR with MyD88 [13] suggest that the MyD88-dependent pathway is conserved and crucial for invertebrate TLR signaling in detecting invading pathogens.…”

Section: Gradual Adaptation Of the Myd88-independent Pathway With Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intestines from five individuals were collected at 2,4,8,12,24,36,48, and 72 h post-injection as a single sample. Intestines from five PBS-injected animals were collected concurrently as non-challenged controls.…”

Section: Acute Immune Challenges Of Adult Amphioxus and Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of bbtTICAM from amphioxus suggests the emergence of a MyD88-independent pathway in basal chordates

et al. 2011

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The MyD88-independent pathway, one of the two crucial TLR signaling routes, is thought to be a vertebrate innovation. However, a novel Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) adaptor, designated bbtTICAM, which was identified in the basal chordate amphioxus, links this pathway to invertebrates. The protein architecture of bbtTICAM is similar to that of vertebrate TICAM1 (TIR-containing adaptor molecule-1, also known as TRIF), while phylogenetic analysis based on the TIR domain indicated that bbtTICAM is the oldest ortholog of vertebrate TICAM1 and TICAM2 (TIR-containing adaptor molecule-2, also known as TRAM). Similar to human TICAM1, bbtTICAM activates NF-κB in a MyD88-independent manner by interacting with receptor interacting protein (RIP) via its RHIM motif. Such activation requires bbtTICAM to form homodimers in endosomes, and it may be negatively regulated by amphioxus SARM (sterile α and armadillo motif-containing protein) and TRAF2. However, bbtTICAM did not induce the production of type I interferon. Thus, our study not only presents the ancestral features of vertebrate TICAM1 and TI-CAM2, but also reveals the evolutionary origin of the MyD88-independent pathway from basal chordates, which will aid in understanding the development of the vertebrate TLR network.

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Section: Discussion Bbtticam Is the Earliest Ortholog Of Vertebrate Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Gradual Adaptation Of the Myd88-independent Pathway With Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acute Immune Challenges Of Adult Amphioxus and Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of bbtTICAM from amphioxus suggests the emergence of a MyD88-independent pathway in basal chordates

et al. 2011

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Evolution of the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family

Nehyba

Hrdličková

Bose

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play central roles in immune defence and stress responses. All IRF proteins share a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐binding domain. IRF genes first appeared in the last common metazoan ancestor. In sponges, placozoans and ctenophores the number and diversity of the IRF family are limited. In cnidarians and bilaterians, the IRF genes diversified into the IRF1 and IRF4 branches. The IRF family, especially the IRF4 genes, expanded several times in distinct groups of bilaterians to include as many as 14 family members. In nematodes and insects, IRF genes were eliminated or mutated beyond recognition. The 10 vertebrate IRF genes arose by the 2‐fold whole genome duplication in early vertebrates. Repetitive expansions, diversifications or contractions of IRF family suggest the changing selection pressure in the evolution of the metazoan defence systems. Key Concepts: The interferon regulatory factors are a family of transcription factors that function as major regulators of host defence in vertebrates. IRF genes first appeared in the last common metazoan ancestor. IRF genes are present in all five basal groups of metazoans: sponges, placozoans, comb jellies, cnidarians and bilaterians. IRF genes have two evolutionary conserved domains, the DNA‐binding domain and the IRF association domain and both are already present in ancient sponges. In cnidarians and bilaterians, the IRF genes diversified into the IRF1 and IRF4 branches. The IRF family expanded several times in distinct groups of bilaterians (molluscs, cephalochordates, tunicates and vertebrates). IRF genes were eliminated or mutated beyond recognition in nematodes and insects. The 10 members of the vertebrate IRF family originated in early vertebrates as a result of 2‐fold genome duplication. Some IRF genes were eliminated in certain vertebrate species, whereas additional IRF family members were detected in fishes. Although the function of the IRF family in vertebrates has been studied in considerable detail, very little is known about the functions of invertebrate IRF genes.

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The Innate Immune System in Cnidarians

Bosch¹,

Rosenstiel²

2015

Diseases of Coral

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The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss

Cited by 333 publications

References 55 publications

Characterization of bbtTICAM from amphioxus suggests the emergence of a MyD88-independent pathway in basal chordates

Characterization of bbtTICAM from amphioxus suggests the emergence of a MyD88-independent pathway in basal chordates

Evolution of the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family

The Innate Immune System in Cnidarians

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