The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism

Abstract

Objective: To assess the in¯uence of smoking on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum vitamin D metabolites, serum ionized calcium, serum phosphate, and biochemical markers of bone turnover in a cohort of 510 healthy Danish perimenopausal women. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Copenhagen, Denmark. Subjects: Five-hundred-and-ten healthy women aged 45 ± 58 y, included 3 ± 24 months after last menstrual bleeding. None were using hormone replacement therapy. Methods: The women were grouped according to their current smoking status. The two groups were compared with regard to serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH) 2 D), intact PTH, ionized calcium and phosphate, osteocalcin, as well as urine pyridinolines. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with DEXA-scans. Multiple regression analyses were performed to detect the effect of potentially confounding lifestyle factors, such as calcium and vitamin D intakes, alcohol and coffee consumption, sunbathing, and physical exercise. Results: Fifty percent were current smokers. Smokers had signi®cantly reduced levels of serum 25OHD (P 0.02), 1,25(OH) 2 D (P 0.001), and PTH (P`0.001). There was no difference in serum ionized calcium between smokers and non-smokers. We found a negative effect of smoking on serum osteocalcin (P 0.01), while urinary pyridinolines were similar in the two groups. The small differences in lifestyle between the two groups could not explain these ®ndings. Smokers had small but signi®cant reductions in bone mineral density. Conclusions: Smoking has a signi®cant effect on calcium and vitamin D metabolism, which is not likely to be explained by other confounding lifestyle factors. The depression of the vitamin D-PTH system seen among smokers may represent another potential mechanism for the deleterious effects of smoking on the skeleton, and may contribute to the reported risk of osteoporosis among smokers.

Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women

“…Vitamin D is absorbed from diet or made in the skin by sun exposure. The absorption of vitamin D and calcium are influenced by smoking (Brot et al, 1999;Ilich et al, 2002), heavy alcohol intake (Rapuri et al, 2000) and phytoestrogen (Arjmandi et al, 2002;Cross et al, 2006). Therefore, the inverse associations in our study might be attenuated among (Holick, 2003;Reichrath, 2007).…”

Impact of gender on vitamin D deficiency in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study

“…In model 1, gender was entered (women ¼ reference) as the sole explanatory variable in a univariate (unadjusted) logistic regression analysis with insufficient vitamin D concentration (yes/no) as the dependent variable. In model 2, we adjusted for well-known confounding factors, such as season of blood sampling, age, current smoking (Brot et al, 1999) and vitamin D supplement. To address the possible modifying effects of overall obesity, in model 3, we further adjusted for BMI.…”

Bone density and depressive disorder: a meta‐analysis

“…MDD may result in behavior changes, such as increased alcohol and nicotine intake, unhealthy nutrition, and decreased physical activity (Brot et al. 1999; Dorn et al. 2011; Cohn et al.…”