The influence of carrying a backpack on college student pedestrian safety

Schwebel, David C.; Pitts, Danielle Dulion; Stavrinos, Despina

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.01.002

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Considering the location of the backpack load, the direct effect of the backpack manifests itself on the trunk biomechanics and the indirect effect might affect the lower limb biomechanics. There is also a lack of reported lower limb injuries and disorders correlated with backpack usage [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, -to the best of our knowledge, -no former studies have examined the effects of wearing a backpack during the state transition from standing to walking, even though some researchers have suggested that wearing a backpack could decrease the pedestrian safety of adults 14) . This is the first research study of backpack load effects on the trunk and lower limbs at the start of gait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Wearing a Backpack on Trunk-Lower Limb Kinematics at Start of Gait

et al. 2010

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Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of backpack heaviness on trunk-lower limb kinematics at the start of gait.[Subjects] Ten university male students (age=20.3 ± 0.98 years, height=1.69 ± 0.04 m, weight=59.5 ± 5.3 kg) participated in the present study.[Methods] Each subject was asked to stand erect then walk forward in a straight line in four modes: unloaded, and with loads of 10%, 15%, and 20% body weight (BW). A VICON 250 motion analysis system was utilized to study changes in the trunk and lower limb kinematics at the start of gait.[Results] The results show significant trunk backward lean changes between the unloaded mode and loaded modes even with no changes in the center of mass (COM), velocity or displacement.[Conclusion] A 20%BW backpack caused the highest trunk kinematic changes, so backpack weight should be limited to 15%BW. It is also important to be aware of other factors correlated to backpack usage to provide better usage recommendations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Wearing a Backpack on Trunk-Lower Limb Kinematics at Start of Gait

et al. 2010

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“…Adult Pedestrian Behavior-Descriptive data from adult performance in the VR was culled from three previous studies (Schwebel et al 2009(Schwebel et al , 2012 Stavrinos et al 2011, Experiment 1). In all cases, the adults crossed the same VR without distraction, and one of the same traffic speeds and densities as used in the post-intervention assessment of children (Level E, 30 MPH and 12 vehicles/minute).…”

Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All participants' parents provided written informed consent to participate, and children provided informed assent. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at University of Alabama at Birmingham.We compared performance among the sample of children with pedestrian behavior by adults recruited for three previous studies (Schwebel et al 2012;Schwebel et al 2009;Stavrinos et al 2011, Experiment 1). All three study samples were comprised of adult college students recruited from the University of Alabama at Birmingham campus.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the current study, missed opportunities were computed as a count over 45 virtual crossings; note that more than one missed opportunity may occur in each crossing. A child is a more efficient pedestrian with fewer missed opportunities and we anticipated the number of missed opportunities would decline following training.Adult Pedestrian Behavior-Descriptive data from adult performance in the VR was culled from three previous studies (Schwebel et al 2009(Schwebel et al , 2012 Stavrinos et al 2011, Experiment 1). In all cases, the adults crossed the same VR without distraction, and one of the same traffic speeds and densities as used in the post-intervention assessment of children (Level E, 30 MPH and 12 vehicles/minute).…”

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confidence: 99%

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122 How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training

Schwebel

Shen

McClure

2016

Behavioural Science Research Informs Interventions to Reduce Child Injury – Panel Discussion

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Objective-Pedestrian injuries are a leading cause of child death, and may be reduced by training children to cross streets more safely. Such training is most effective when children receive repeated practice at the complex cognitive-perceptual task of judging moving traffic and selecting safe crossing gaps, but there is limited data on how much practice is required for children to reach adult levels of functioning. Using existing data, we examined how children's pedestrian skill changed over the course of six pedestrian safety training sessions, each comprised of 45 crossings within a virtual pedestrian environment.Methods-As part of a randomized controlled trial on pedestrian safety training, 59 children ages 7-8 crossed the street within a semi-immersive virtual pedestrian environment 270 times over a 3-week period (6 sessions of 45 crossings each). Feedback was provided after each crossing, and traffic speed and density was advanced as children's skill improved. Post-intervention pedestrian behavior was assessed a week later in the virtual environment and compared to adult behavior with identical traffic patterns.Results-Over the course of training, children entered traffic gaps more quickly and chose tighter gaps to cross within; their crossing efficiency appeared to increase. By the end of training, some aspects of children's pedestrian behavior was comparable to adult behavior but other aspects were not, indicating the training was worthwhile but insufficient for most children to achieve adult levels of functioning.Conclusions-Repeated practice in a simulated pedestrian environment helps children learn aspects of safe and efficient pedestrian behavior. Six twice-weekly training sessions of 45 crossings each were insufficient for children to reach adult pedestrian functioning, however, and future research should continue to study the trajectory and quantity of child pedestrian safety training needed for children to become competent pedestrians. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptPedestrian injuries are among the leading causes of child death in the United States (US; NCIPC 2015) and worldwide (WHO 2013), leading to over 400 pediatric deaths and over 45,000 emergency-department treated injuries annually in the US (NCIPC 2015). A recent meta-analysis suggests efforts to teach children pedestrian safety can be effective (Schwebel, Barton et al. 2014). In particular, interventions designed to teach children to be more accurate in selecting safe traffic gaps to cross within can be effective. Such training is most effective when children receive repeated practice at the complex cognitive-perceptual task of judging moving traffic and selecting safe crossing gaps. This repeated practice can occur in vivo at street corners or in simulation (Schwebel, Barton et al. 2014).Theoretically, interventionists approach the challenge of pedestrian crossings from two primary perspectives. Some conceptualize the learning based on ecological theory (Gibson 1979;Grech...

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Physical fatigue and its effect on road crossing decisions: an examination of the embodied perception perspective

Sullivan

Nieuwenhuys

2021

Psychological Research

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The influence of carrying a backpack on college student pedestrian safety

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of Wearing a Backpack on Trunk-Lower Limb Kinematics at Start of Gait

Effects of Wearing a Backpack on Trunk-Lower Limb Kinematics at Start of Gait

122 How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training

Physical fatigue and its effect on road crossing decisions: an examination of the embodied perception perspective

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