The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density

Shuster, Sam; Black, Martin M.; McVITIE, Eva

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x

Cited by 545 publications

(374 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The measurements show that the average of male participants' emissivity is higher than the average of the female participants' emissivity. This is consistent with the fact that male skin is thicker than that of female skin for all ages [31][32][33]. This can be supported with the measurements presented in Figures 6 to 11.…”

Section: Comparison Between Male and Female Skin Signaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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Section: Comparison Between Male and Female Skin Signaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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“…[21,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Age related changes to muscle structure and function have also been described. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Other researchers have studied the age related changes as they pertain to lip length and maxillary incisor exposure; however, to our knowledge this is the first study to examine a comprehensive list of smile parameters with respect to age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, with age, dermal alterations are also seen in collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Skin collagen has been shown to decrease linearly at a rate of approximately 1%…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dynamic smile analysis: Changes with age

Desai¹,

Upadhyay

Nanda

2009

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

154

158

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“…From a macroscopic point of view, aged skin differs from young skin with regard to wrinkles, elasticity, thickness (3,4), and surface pattern (5). Microscopic and biochemical analyses of aged skin indicate that the living epidermis comprises a smaller number of layers and that the dermal-epidermal junction is attened (5).…”

Section: Aging Of Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging of Human Skin: Review of a Mechanistic Model and First Experimental Data

et al. 2000

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SummaryThe physical, chemical, and biochemical factors that accelerate skin aging have been proposed to activate a self-maintained microin ammatory process, one of the expected end results of which is an imbalance in the turnover of macromolecules in the dermis. Surface peroxides are recognized as controllable factors of skin aging, and their accumulation is attributed to environmentally induced impairment of defense enzymes. Topical application of antioxidants decreases the rate at which skin elasticity and skin thickness are modi ed.

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The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density

Cited by 545 publications

References 14 publications

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Dynamic smile analysis: Changes with age

Aging of Human Skin: Review of a Mechanistic Model and First Experimental Data

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