The influence of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and chemical oxidant application on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) fate and transport

McKenzie, Erica R.; Siegrist, Robert L.; McCray, John E.; Higgins, Christopher P.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.025

Cited by 70 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“… Conceptual model of micro and macroscale PFAS fate/transport processes and associated knowledge gaps. Superscripted numbers refer to the following references: 1 Kissa 2001 ; 2 Banks et al 1994 ; 3 Higgins and Luthy 2006 ; 4 Liu and Lee 2007 ; 5 Liu and Lee 2005 ; 6 Ferrey et al 2012 ; 7 Ololade et al 2016 ; 8 Tang et al 2010 ; 9 Barzen-Hanson et al 2017a ; 10 Weber et al 2017 ; 11 Guelfo and Higgins 2013 ; 12 McKenzie et al 2015 ; 13 McKenzie et al 2016 ; 14 Harding-Marjanovic et al 2015 ; 15 Mejia Avendaño and Liu 2015 ; 16 Weiner et al 2013 . …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Management Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Aquifers: Perspectives from Impacted U.S. Northeast Communities

Guelfo

Marlow

Klein

et al. 2018

Environ Health Perspect

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Background:Multiple Northeast U.S. communities have discovered per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water aquifers in excess of health-based regulatory levels or advisories. Regional stakeholders (consultants, regulators, and others) need technical background and tools to mitigate risks associated with exposure to PFAS-affected groundwater.Objectives:The aim was to identify challenges faced by stakeholders to extend best practices to other regions experiencing PFAS releases and to establish a framework for research strategies and best management practices.Methods and Approach:Management challenges were identified during stakeholder engagement events connecting attendees with PFAS experts in focus areas, including fate/transport, toxicology, and regulation. Review of the literature provided perspective on challenges in all focus areas. Publicly available data were used to characterize sources of PFAS impacts in groundwater and conduct a geospatial case study of potential source locations relative to drinking water aquifers in Rhode Island.Discussion:Challenges in managing PFAS impacts in drinking water arise from the large number of relevant PFASs, unconsolidated information regarding sources, and limited studies on some PFASs. In particular, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding human health impacts of PFASs. Frameworks sequentially evaluating exposure, persistence, and treatability can prioritize PFASs for evaluation of potential human health impacts. A regional case study illustrates how risk-based, geospatial methods can help address knowledge gaps regarding potential sources of PFASs in drinking water aquifers and evaluate risk of exposure.Conclusion:Lessons learned from stakeholder engagement can assist in developing strategies for management of PFASs in other regions. However, current management practices primarily target a subset of PFASs for which in-depth studies are available. Exposure to less-studied, co-occurring PFASs remains largely unaddressed. Frameworks leveraging the current state of science can be applied toward accelerating this process and reducing exposure to total PFASs in drinking water, even as research regarding health effects continues. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2727

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Management Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Aquifers: Perspectives from Impacted U.S. Northeast Communities

Guelfo

Marlow

Klein

et al. 2018

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Thus, it is anticipated that NAPL-water partitioning and NAPL-water interfacial adsorption may influence PFAS transport and retardation in such settings. The results of a few prior studies indicate an impact of these processes on PFAS retention (Chen et al, 2009; Guelfo and Higgins, 2013; McKenzie et al, 2016). However, the specific, discrete impacts of partitioning versus interfacial adsorption were not differentiated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive retention model for PFAS transport in subsurface systems

et al. 2019

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A comprehensive compartment model is presented for PFAS retention that incorporates all potential processes relevant for transport in source zones. Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to investigate separately the impact of adsorption at the air-water and decane- water interfaces on PFAS retention and transport. Two porous media were used, a quartz sand and a soil, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was used as the model PFAS. The breakthrough curves for transport under water-unsaturated conditions were shifted noticeably rightward (delayed arrival) compared to the breakthrough curves for saturated conditions, indicating greater retardation due to adsorption at the air-water or decane-water interface. The retardation factor was 7 for PFOS transport in the sand for the air-water system, compared to 1.8 for saturated conditions. PFOS retardation factors for transport in the soil were 7.3 and 3.6 for unsaturated (air-water) vs saturated conditions. Air-water interfacial adsorption is a significant source of retention for PFOS in these two systems, contributing more than 80% of total retention for the sand and 32% for the soil. For the experiments conducted with decane residual emplaced within the sand, adsorption at the decane-water interface contributed more than 70% to total retention for PFOS transport. Methods to determine or estimate key distribution variables are presented for parameterization of the model. Predicted retardation factors were similar to the measured values, indicating that the conceptual model provided adequate representation of the relevant retention processes and that the parameter estimation methods produced reasonable values. The results of this work indicate that adsorption by fluid-fluid interfaces in variably saturated porous media can be a significant retention process for PFAS that should be considered when characterizing their transport and fate behavior in source zones.

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“…Lower pH has also been shown to increase sorption, as has substituting calcium for sodium in solution for anionic PFAS, suggesting that while organic carbon effects dominated sorption to soil, ionic effects are also significant (Higgins & Luthy, ). A study on the impact of remediation oxidizers ( in situ chemical oxidation) on PFCA mobility found that the oxidizers had little impact on the PFCAs, but did greatly impact mobility, with permanganate and peroxide increasing transport and persulfate reducing transport (McKenzie, Siegrist, McCray, & Higgins, , ). It was thought that especially permanganate, but also peroxide, liberated soil organic matter and increased the mobility of the PFAAs, while persulfate had little impact on soil organic matter.…”

Section: Behavior Of Pfas Associated With Afff In the Subsurfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Persulfate also radically changed the groundwater chemistry, including lowered pH and increased iron, which appeared to contribute to reduced mobility. While pH had a small impact on transport, increased polyvalent cations were found to reduce mobility (McKenzie et al., ).…”

Section: Behavior Of Pfas Associated With Afff In the Subsurfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and behavior of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film‐forming foam in groundwater systems

Hatton

Holton

DiGuiseppi

2018

Remediation Journal

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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are fluorinated compounds and the active ingredient in aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF). AFFF has been identified as a significant source of PFAS contamination in groundwater. PFAS are also present in many other industrial and consumer products and their manufacture and use has led to numerous contaminated sites. Human health risks have been identified with studies linking firefighter cancers to training facilities where AFFF was used. Given the widespread release of these compounds to the environment and their potential health risks, understanding their mobility characteristics is important. This article details the occurrence and behavior of these substances in groundwater systems to help guide the emerging fields of PFAS investigation and remediation. Background is presented on AFFF and PFAS source characteristics, including common industrial and consumer PFAS sources. In addition, chemical properties, sorption and retention parameters, and observed transformation properties of PFAS and related compounds are discussed. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified for future laboratory and field studies.

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The influence of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and chemical oxidant application on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) fate and transport

Cited by 70 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation and Management Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Aquifers: Perspectives from Impacted U.S. Northeast Communities

Evaluation and Management Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Aquifers: Perspectives from Impacted U.S. Northeast Communities

Comprehensive retention model for PFAS transport in subsurface systems

Occurrence and behavior of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film‐forming foam in groundwater systems

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