The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey

Chen, Min; Wu, Ai-Min; Zhang, Lina; Wang, Wei; Chen, Xinyi; Yu, Xiaoning; Wang, Kaijun

doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0829-8

Cited by 168 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The Waterloo Eye Study showed a long-term increase in myopia prevalence also in the United States [36]. The prevalence rate reached 42.4% in 10 to 15-year-old children, and 53.9% in 15 to 20-year-old; this was significantly higher than the 21% peak value (in those aged 20-30 years) reported in a comparable study done in 1892 [43].…”

Section: Change Over Timementioning

confidence: 71%

“…In a study from the Haidian District in Beijing, China, the prevalence of myopia in a cohort of 15-year-old schoolchildren increased from 55.95% in 2005 to 65.48% in 2015 [10]. In Fenghua city, eastern China, the prevalence of myopia in high school students increased from 79.5% in 2001 to presented as a population-based cross-sectional survey, however, the results report that the prevalence rate among initial emmetropes and hyperopes, after 5 years 87.7% in 2015, and high myopia (SER greater than − 6.0 D) was a major contributor to this increase [43]. In Western China not only myopia prevalence increased, but also a higher rate of annual myopia progression was recently noted [13].…”

Section: Change Over Timementioning

confidence: 86%

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A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

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Section: Change Over Timementioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Change Over Timementioning

confidence: 86%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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“…During the same time period, prevalence in the UK among approximately 11-year-old children increased from 4.0 [2] to 11.9% [3]. The situation is even more alerting in East Asia, with a prevalence of nearly 88% in 2015 in some parts of eastern China [4]. Myopia can be corrected by spectacle wear or surgery, but higher myopia (-6D or more) is associated with an increased risk of cataract, glaucoma, and myopic macular degeneration [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Liu

Schaeffel

Trier³

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Res

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Introduction: Intake of 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), an adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist, has been shown to inhibit school myopia in children and deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Also retinal dopamine seems to be involved in the control of eye growth, and in the brain, ARs and dopamine receptors interact widely by heteromerization. We have studied whether 7-MX can inhibit deprivation myopia also in chickens and whether inhibition may involve the retinal dopamine system. Methods: 7-MX was applied by either tubefeeding (100 µg/g body weight, twice a day) or intravitreal injection (12.5 µg, every other day). Forty-eight 2-week-old chicks wore unilateral diffusers and were randomly assigned to either the tube-feeding group (involving 7-MX, vehicle [xanthan gum], or no feeding, for 13 days) or the intravitreal injection group (involving 7-MX, vehicle, or DMSO, for 8 days). Refractions (REs), ocular biometry (AL, VCD), and scleral and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured before and after treatment. Dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content were determined in retina and vitreous by HPLC at the end of the experiments. Results: No matter how 7-MX was applied, it did not inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks. No significant differences were observed in RE, VCD, AL, and scleral fibrous layer thickness. Feeding 7-MX produced more choroidal thinning in the open contralateral eye compared to control eyes in the vehicle-fed group (-40 ± 14 vs. -1 ± 7 µm, unpaired t test, p < 0.05). DOPAC and dopamine concentration in vitreous and DOPAC concentration in retina did not change with 7-MX. Vitreal dopamine content was significantly decreased in deprived eyes in the groups fed with the vehicle xanthan gum (paired t test, p < 0.01) but not in 7-MX-treated eyes, perhaps indicating a small effect of 7-MX on dopamine. Conclusions: In our study, 7-MX had no effect on DM in chicks and only minor effects on ChT and retinal dopamine. It remains unclear whether 7-MX inhibits myopia through a retinal mechanism or whether it acts directly on choroid and sclera. In the latter case, the finding that myopia is suppressed in mammals but not birds might be explained by differences in scleral structure.

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“…The prevalence of myopia has dramatically risen over the past 60 years with significant regional variations in myopia prevalence across the world, from approximately 15 per cent of adults in Australia, to 70–90 per cent in South East Asian countries such as China, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan . By 2050, it is estimated that 50 per cent of the global population will be myopic (> −0.50 D), with one‐fifth of these being highly myopic (> −5.00 D) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result in predictable changes in axial eye growth. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that alter retinal image quality despite optimal correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism. Since higher order aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye, they may provide optical signals that contribute to the regulation and modulation of eye growth and refractive error development. The magnitude and type of higher order aberrations vary with age, refractive error, and during near work and accommodation. Furthermore, distinctive changes in higher order aberrations occur with various myopia control treatments, including atropine, near addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology and soft multifocal and dual‐focus contact lenses. Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which higher order aberrations may influence axial eye growth, the development of refractive error, and the treatment effect of myopia control interventions. Future studies of higher order aberrations, particularly during childhood, accommodation, and treatment with myopia control interventions are required to further our understanding of their potential role in refractive error development and eye growth.

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The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey

Cited by 168 publications

References 35 publications

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

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