The Importance of Alternative Drive Vehicles in Road Transport in Poland and the European Union

Abstract

The development of electromobility in Poland and the whole world is an inevitable process. Every year, electric vehicles and vehicles powered by renewable fuels become more and more popular. It should be noted that the development of infrastructure for electric vehicles and the pursued environmental policy with the related subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles are an important aspect encouraging the purchase of this type of vehicle. The article presents a comparison of the popularity of vehicles powered by renewable energy sources in Poland and other European Union countries, as well as the characteristics of the most common alternative fuels. Its main objective is to specify the importance of passenger cars with alternative drive sources across the selected EU countries.

The bicycle model of a 4WS car lateral dynamics for lane change controller

“…It generates a reference steering signal and corresponding reference output signals. According to the theory of control systems and the practice of drivers [7], the reference steering signal has a form of "bang-bang" type signal. This signal is then corrected by regulators which work on the signal errors between reference and measured (in real car) output signals.…”