“…The impacts of psychological resilience on older adults' lives have been increasingly studied in recent years (Lamond et al, ; MacLeod, Musich, Hawkins, Alsgaard, & Wicker, ; Netuveli, Wiggins, Montgomery, Hildon, & Blane, ; Polk, ). Psychological resilience has been mainly defined in two different ways, either being a process of adapting well during stress or being a psychological ability or resource that moderates the negative effects of stress and contributes to individual adaptation (Connor & Davidson, ; Foster, ; MacLeod et al, ; Polk, ; Wild, Wiles, & Allen, ). In this research, we adopted the definition specified by Smith et al () and Lamond et al () that psychological resilience was the ability to adapt to or recover from stress or adversity.…”