The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BackgroundCigarettes and their by-products (i.e., smoke; ash) are a complex, dynamic, and reactive mixture of around 5,000 chemicals. Cigarette smoking potentially harms nearly every organ of the human body, causes innumerable diseases, and impacts the health of smokers and those interacting with the smokers. Smoking brings greater health problems in the long-term like increased risk of stroke and brain damage. For students, peer pressure is one of the key factors contributing to cigarette smoking. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia.MethodsAn extensive search of key databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari, Embase and Science Direct was conducted to identify and access articles published on the prevalence of cigarette smoking by high school and university students in Ethiopia. The search period for articles was conducted from 21st September, 2018 to 25th December 25, 2018. All necessary data were extracted using a standardized data extraction checklist. Quality and risk of bias of studies were assessed using standardized tools. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using Cochrane Q-test statistic and I2 test. To estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking, a random effects model was fitted. The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking was determined and was reported in Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata software.ResultsFrom 175 searched articles, 19 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking among Ethiopian high school and university students was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.21, 19.63). Slightly higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was noted among university students [17.35% (95% CI: 13.21, 21.49)] as compared to high school students [12.77% (95% CI: 6.72%, 18.82%)]. The current aggregated meta-analysis revealed that peer pressure had a significant influence on cigarette smoking (OR: 2.68 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.03).ConclusionMore than one sixth of the high school and university students in Ethiopia smoke cigarette. Students who had peer pressure from their friends were more likely to smoke cigarette. Therefore, school-based intervention programs are needed to reduce the high prevalence of cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia.

Relationship between health literacy in substance use and alcohol consumption and tobacco use among adolescents, Northeast Thailand

“…[ 1 12 ] Therefore, youth who receive accurate information about alcohol- or smoking-related health effects might have increased health awareness and know-how to deal with the risk of using substances. [ 7 14 27 ] However, vice versa , they receive inaccurate information, especially from parents or peers who drink or smoke, such as positive outcomes of alcohol use or smoking and share social network norms toward substance used;[ 13 14 28 ] youth may trust their parents or peers easily and are unable to interpret and judge the relevance of the information on risk factors. This, in turn, lead them to make decisions of trying drinking alcohol or smoking.…”

“…[ 1 5 12 ] Moreover, prior researches have shown that HL determinants such as age, gender, household income, alcohol expectancies (AEs), and smoking outcome expectancies (SOE). [ 5 13 14 15 16 17 ] Nevertheless, HLSU may influence the substance abuse, but there is no other study related among adolescent and there are no statistics and evidence available on this subject in Thailand. [ 18 19 ] Thus, investigating the effect of HLSU on substance abuse may help reduce the risk of their substance abuse behaviors and provide guidance for developing the substance abuse prevention interventions.…”

Full vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The quality of each study was assessed using the following criteria: representativeness of the study, adequate sample size, acceptable non-response rate, used validated measurement tool, comparability of the study, description of outcome assessment, and used appropriate statistical tests. Articles with a global rating score ≥ seven out of 10 were considered to be high quality [15,16] (Supplementary file 3).…”

“…Overall, studies with a quality score of ≥ seven were considered as highquality. Lastly, all the 21 included articles were categorized as high-quality studies [15,16].…”

Smoking Behaviour of University Students: a Descriptive Study

“…The transition from high school to college is very challenging for most fresh students. Because of difficulties in adjusting to the new environment and forming new social relationships, and being separated from close relationships, university students are more likely to feel lonely and depressed in their first academic year (Leshargie et al, 2019;Karadogan et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2020). Azagba et al (2020) revealed the findings of a study on students in the United States from 2011 to 2018, according to which current young cigarette smokers smoked on fewer days and fewer cigarettes per day, and the age of the first use of cigarettes increased.…”