The Impact of Adjuvanted and Non-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines on the Innate and Adaptive Immunity Effectors

Abstract

To date, the advantage of adjuvanted over non-adjuvanted vaccines in the specific antibodies formation is proved. However, cellular mechanisms, including parameters of the innate immunity, involved in the vaccine-induced immune response are not well studied. The human study of inactivated vaccines showed that both subunit vaccine and split vaccine induced cellular immune response, but adjuvanted vaccine containing Polyoxidonium had the greatest potential. Despite the fact that influenza vaccines must activate endosomal receptors, they cause non-specific activation of the surface TLRs. They can trigger intracellular signals leading to the induction of antiviral mechanisms and to the activation of the body's protective resources against microbial infections. To assess the immunological efficacy of adjuvanted vaccines and humoral reactions to vaccination it is necessary to evaluate activation of cellular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity.

Cytokine Profile in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes Exposed to Immunoadjuvant and Adjuvant-Free Vaccines Against Influenza

“…These data correlate with our previous studies. PO-containing adjuvanted vaccine showed the strongest capability of inducing the cellular response, among the three vaccines studied, increases in the number of the innate and acquired immunity effectors: NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes, cells with early activation marker, T lymphocytes with late activation marker, and regulatory T cells ( 25 ).…”

“…It should be noted that the results of the cytokine profile were evaluated without taking into account the initial antibody titers. However, when evaluating the parameters of the cellular immune response, the following results were obtained: in individuals with initially low antibody titers (titer 1:20–1:40), all types of vaccines demonstrated effectiveness in activating the cellular component of immune system, while in individuals with medium (1:80–1:160) and high antibody titers (1:320 and <) to influenza virus strains, the advantage of the adjuvant vaccine was revealed ( 25 ).…”

“…IL-9 is secreted by a recently discovered CD4 + T helper subpopulation—Th9-cells that differ from Th1, Th2, and Th17 ( 51 ). It should be noted that immunoadjuvant-containing vaccine was the only one that increased T-regs number ( 25 ). It can be assumed that a more pronounced stimulation of this cytokine in combination with an increase in the number of T-reg happening under the influence of an immunoadjuvant vaccine, has a regulating effect on the immune response, preventing immune system hyperactivation.…”

Immune mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drugs in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

“…• повышение эффективности врожденного иммунитета; • в качестве адъюванта в развитии гуморального иммунного ответа; • способность оказывать выраженный патогенетический и клинический эффект у пациентов с тяжелыми воспалительными заболеваниями. По результатам исследований [14][15][16][17] показано, что инкубация клеток при воздействии азоксимера бромида вызывает повышение экспрессии рецепторов врожденного иммунитета, в т. ч. MDA-5. Высокая экспрессия MDA-5 обеспечивает распознавание вируса на ранней стадии инфицирования -это стратегия профилактики, на более поздней стадии реализуется стратегия активации специфического иммунного ответа.…”

Review of Grippol Family Vaccine Studies and Modern Adjuvant Development

“…Так, количество NK-и NKT-клеток в культуре под воздействием вакцины Гриппол ® плюс увеличивалось в сравнении с контролем в 3,3 и 2,1 раза соответственно, под воздействием Инфлювак -в 2,8 и 2 раза, Ваксигрипа -в 3 и 2,26 раза. Гриппол плюс и Инфлювак вызывали достоверное и сопоставимое повышение числа B-лимфоцитов -в 1,5 и 2,5 раза соответственно [96].…”